TABLE 1.

Glossary

Terminology	Definition
Anemia	A decrease in the number or quality of red blood cells (RBC) or the level of hemoglobin in the body. This may typically occur due to decreased RBC production, increased RBC destruction, or blood loss. Although various forms of anemia exist, this review mentions only normocytic normochromic anemia (the hemoglobin content of the RBC is within normal limits) and macrocytic anemia (enlarged RBC).
Anorexia	A medical condition or infection resulting in a lack of or a loss of appetite for food, leading to considerable weight loss.
Aspergilloma/mycetoma	A fungal clump of the Aspergillus genus present in a body cavity—the lung in the case of TB. Aspergillomas occur as a complication of cavitary scarring caused by M. tuberculosis infection, resulting in symptoms of cough, sputum hyperproduction, and hemoptysis.
Bronchial stenosis	Uniform thickening of the bronchial wall, resulting in narrowed bronchial tubes and involvement of a long segment of the bronchi.
Bronchiectasis	Condition in which the bronchial tubes are permanently damaged, widened, and thickened, allowing bacteria and mucus to build up and pool in the lungs. This complication commonly occurs in the apical or posterior segments of the upper lobes of the lungs and is associated with post-primary TB.
Bronchoesophageal fistula	A fistulous communication (abnormal connection between two hollow spaces) between the bronchus and esophagus that typically arises due to the granulomatous inflammatory processes of the lymph nodes and that is indicated by air-fluid levels in the pleural space.
Broncholithiasis	Presence of calcified necrotic material in the bronchi, originating from the lymph nodes and resulting in airway obstruction.
Cachexia (wasting syndrome)	Increased weight loss, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness, and anorexia in an individual who is not intentionally trying to lose weight but rather which is due to a disease.
Dyspnea	Difficult or labored breathing.
Empyema	A rare TB complication characterized by a collection of thick pus and a calcified visceral pleura. Empyema is more common in patients with a history of artificial pneumothorax (surgical treatment to collapse the lung) or thoracoscopy (a minimally invasive procedure to visualize the chest cavity). A combination of pleural effusions and cavitation may indicate tuberculous empyema.
Erythema nodosum	An acute, subcutaneous red nodular rash that usually occurs 3–8 wk after infection, i.e., at the time of development of specific immunity. This hypersensitivity phenomenon may be due to increased circulating levels of immune complexes and has been documented in <12% of all TB cases.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate	A hematology (blood) test to determine how quickly erythrocytes descend to the bottom of a standardized test tube. This reaction is typically slow, and an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate can indicate inflammation.
Erythrocytes	Red blood cells that contain hemoglobin and that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from tissue. Also see “erythropoiesis” and “erythropoietin response.”
Erythropoiesis	Red blood cell (erythrocyte) production/formation. Also see “erythrocytes” and “erythropoietin response.”
Erythropoietin response	Erythropoietin is a hormone primarily produced by the kidneys, which plays a key role in red blood cell production. An increase in this response leads to increased erythropoiesis, whereas a decrease leads to anemia. Also see “erythrocytes” and “erythropoiesis.”
Fatigue	Fatigue may include weakness, a lack of energy, constant tiredness or exhaustion, a lack of motivation, and/or difficulty concentrating.
Fibrosing mediastinitis (sclerosing mediastinitis; mediastinal fibrosis)	The proliferation of dense fibrous tissue within the mediastinum (the membrane partition between the lungs that contains the heart and its vessels, esophagus, trachea, phrenic and cardiac nerves, thoracic duct, thymus, and the lymph nodes of the central chest), resulting in compression.
Hematological manifestations	Blood/serum TB abnormalities.
Hematopoiesis	Differentiation processes leading to the formation of all blood cells originating from hematopoietic stem cells. In adults, hematopoiesis occurs mainly in the bone marrow, although it can also occur in the liver, thymus, and spleen.
Hemoptysis	Coughing up blood originating from the respiratory tract below the glottis.
Hyperkalemia	Abnormally increased levels of potassium in the blood.
Hypoalbuminemia	A decrease in albumin concentrations in the blood resulting from either decreased production, increased loss, increased use, or an abnormal distribution. Hypoalbuminemia has been associated with infection (sepsis), among other conditions.
Hypochloremia	Abnormally decreased levels of the chloride ion in the blood.
Hypoferremia	Abnormally decreased iron levels in the blood.
Hyponatremia	Decreased blood sodium levels due to production of an antidiuretic hormone-like compound.
Leukocytosis	An increase in leukocytes/white blood cells, typically due to an inflammatory response, commonly associated with an underlying infection.
Leukopenia	A decrease in leukocytes/white blood cells, resulting in an increased risk of infection. Also see “monocytopenia.”
Lymphocytopenia	A decrease in lymphocytes, white blood cells important for immune system functioning.
Lymphocytosis	An increase in lymphocytes, white blood cells important for immune system functioning.
Malaise	An overall feeling of discomfort or illness. The exact cause is challenging to identify.
Monocytopenia	This is a form of leukopenia associated with a decrease in monocytes. Also see “leukopenia.”
Monocytosis	An increase in monocytes, i.e., white blood cells that differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells in the immune system.
Necrosis	Cell or tissue death due to either disease, injury, or an insufficient blood supply.
Neutropenia	A decrease in neutrophils, i.e., white blood cells that fight against bacterial and fungal infections.
Neutrophilia	An increase in neutrophils, i.e., white blood cells that fight against bacterial and fungal infections.
Oncotic pleural pressure	Osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in the plasma, which tends to draw water into the circulatory system.
Pancytopenia	An overall reduction in white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
Pericardial effusion	An abnormal accumulation of fluid around the heart, in the pericardial cavity.
Phlyctenular conjunctivitis	An inflammation/redness confined to the lining of the eye’s sclera and below the eyelid (conjunctiva), accompanied by small, red nodules of lymphoid tissue (phlyctenulae).
Pleural effusion	An abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural space.
Pleurisy (pleuritic chest pain)	The occurrence of pain when breathing, coughing, and/or sneezing. Some cases may present with a cough, fever, and/or shortness of breath if the individual tries to minimize breathing.
Pulmonary cavitation	Process starting with caseous lung necrosis, resulting in caseous pneumonia. This further causes alveolar, septal, bronchus, and vessel destruction, forming cavities when the caseous pneumonia regions liquefy, the contents of which are released during coughing. A cavity is composed of a layer of necrosis overlying lipid pneumonia and may be surrounded by a collagen capsule following tissue repair.
Pulmonary fibrosis	Thickening, scarring, and stiffening of connective tissue, usually due to long-term injury. Architectural changes occur when lung tissue is replaced with collagenous tissue.
Reactive polyarthritis	A type of inflammatory joint disease (arthritis) due to bacterial infection which simultaneously affects five or more joints.
Reticulocytosis	An increase in reticulocytes, i.e., immature red blood cells. This is typically due to an overly active attempt (by the bone marrow) to replace red blood cell loss, as in the case of anemia.
Reticuloendothelial (transfer)	The reticuloendothelial system refers to circulating phagocytic cells (i.e., monocytes and macrophages) involved in the host immune response. These cells phagocytose foreign materials and particles, removing such complexes from the circulation and tissue. Reticuloendothelial cells primarily acquire iron from heme via phagocytosis and the breakdown of aging red blood cells in order to return iron to the circulation.
Thrombocytopenia	A decrease in blood platelets (thrombocytes), which help blood clotting and prevent bleeding.
Thrombocytosis	An increase in blood platelets (thrombocytes), which help blood clotting and prevent bleeding.
Tuberculous bronchopneumonia	Inflammation of the bronchi due to TB.
Wheezing	A high-pitched whistling sound made while breathing, which is often an indication of dyspnea.