Table IV.

Clinical trials completed or are being performed worldwide for COVID-19 (listed in clinicaltrials.gov)

Intervention	Category	Suggested mechanism of action	Design of trial	Status	Key outcome	Reference or ID
Lopinavir-ritonavir	Anti-HIV drug	Inhibition of protease	Open-label, randomized, and controlled trial	Completed	No benefit on the hospitalized adult patients with severe COVID-19	172
Favipiravir vs umifenovir	Anti-influenza virus drug	Inhibition of viral RNA polymerase	Open-label randomized	Completed	Preferred clinical outcome in the favipiravir group than in the umifenovir group	173
Chloroquine	Immunosuppressive drug and antiparasite drug	Inhibition of virus entry	Clinical study	NA	Beneficial effect, but details have not been published	174
Hydroxychloroquine- azithromycin	Antimalarial drug, antibiotics	Inhibition of virus entry	Open-label nonrandomized	Completed	Combination drug reduced viral load in nasopharyngeal swabs	175
Hydroxychloroquine vs azithromycin	Antimalarial drug, antibiotics	Inhibition of virus entry	Open-label randomized	Recruiting Phase 2	NA	clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04329832)
Lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin and IFN-β combination	Antivirus drug	Prodrug metabolized into nucleoside analogs that blocks and caps viral RNA	Open-label randomized	Completed	Preferred clinical outcome in the triple antiviral therapy group than in the lopinavir-ritonavir group	176
IFN-A2B	Antivirus drug	Activate multiple immunomodulatory and antiviral proteins	Open-label randomized, blank-controlled	Not yet recruiting Early phase 1	NA	clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04293887)
Remdesivir	Antiebola drug	Inhibition of viral RNA polymerase	Open-label, randomized	Recruiting Phase 3	NA	clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04292899)
Tocilizumab	Anti–IL-6 receptor antibody	Anti-inflammation	Open-label, single-group assignment	Recruiting Phase 2	NA	clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04317092)
Ciclesonide vs ciclesonide plus hydroxychloroquine, vs no intervention	Inhaled corticosteroids	Anti-inflammation	Open-label randomized	Not yet recruiting Phase 2	NA	clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04330586)
Camostat mesilate	Antiproteinuric drug	Serine protease inhibitors	Randomized placebo-controlled	Recruiting Phases 1 and 2	NA	clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04321096)
Recombinant human ACE2	Monocarboxypeptidase that leads to degradation of angiotensin II	Antihypertensive	Double-blind randomized	Not yet recruiting Phase 2	NA	clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04335136)

NA, Not applicable/available.