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. 2020 Jul 2;10:10947. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67987-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Increased immune cell infiltrate with increased macrophage presence in lipedema. (a,c) The immune cell infiltrate was evaluated on paraffin embedded tissue sections. The arrows indicate the CD45, CD3, CD4 and CD68 positive cells (b,d) Quantification of the CD45 + , CD3 + , CD4 + and CD68 + cells reveals an increased infiltration of CD45 + cells. Analysis of the immune cell composition reveals an increase in the macrophage infiltration without affecting the T cell compartment. (e) The evaluation of the macrophage polarization using CD80 (M1), iNOS (M1), CD163 (M2) and TGFβ (M2) as markers indicates an M2 phenotype. N(C): 10, N(L): 10 patients. Scale bar: 100 µm. Asterisks indicate statistical significance in comparison to the control **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 (two-tailed Student t-test).