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. 2020 Jul 2;10:10862. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67708-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Subgroup analysis based on country and sex composition of study patients. (a) Studies were divided into two subgroups (East Asia and Turkey) according to the country in which the research was conducted. Calculation for studies from East Asia and Turkey was based on the fixed and random effects models, respectively. (b) Studies were divided into two subgroups (male and mixed sex) according to the sex composition of the study patients. Calculation for studies with only male patient groups and studies with mixed-sex patient groups was based on the fixed and random effects models, respectively. The results were expressed as the standardized mean difference and 95% confidence intervals. OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; SD, standard deviation; SMD, standardized mean difference; CI, confidence interval.