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. 2020 Jul 2;10:10851. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67467-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Study area and the four studied fields. (A) Study area in the cuvette centrale (CC) of the Congo Basin (satellite imagery from the ESRI ArcGIS base map). Inset map shows the location of the Congo Basin and CC in Africa; red-bordered orange dot (in both inset and main maps) indicates the city of Mossaka (built on sand pumped from the Congo River), green rectangle indicates location of RFs N1–N3 (1°12′59.48"S/ 16°46′56.27"E). Green dot indicates location of the abandoned field AF (1°13′30.52"S/ 16°47′15.71"E). (B) Fields N1-N3 shown from the air and (C–E) from the ground (satellite imagery from the ESRI ArcGIS base map). In (E), the white dashed line shows the approximate border of the field). Photos (1–20 August 2017), Leonor Rodrigues and Tobias Sprafke.