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. 2020 Jul 2;10:10854. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67706-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Characterization of the complete final device. (a) Cross-section confocal images of a swollen (top) and a shrunk (bottom) hydrogel; (b) FEM analysis of only membrane (green line) and of membrane surmounted by swollen hydrogel in basic buffer (blue line), Milli Q water (black line) and acidic buffer (red line); (c) optical images of a hydrogel in several environmental conditions (from left to right: dried with nitrogen, wetted at basic pH, Milli Q water and at acidic pH); (d) resonant frequency spectra of final devices; (e) responsivity of small (orange squares), medium (green circles) and large (blue triangles) samples and (f) resonant spectrum of small device using artificial sweat as buffer.