Table 4. Multivariate investigation of the effect of health insurance used and covariates for delivery on OOP expenditure for delivery services (IDR).
| Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CDE 1: 5% | CDE 2: 10% | |||
| AOR | CI (95%) | AOR | CI (95%) | |
| Type of health insurance used for delivery services | ||||
| No insurance (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| JKN | 0.09*** | (0.06–0.14) | 0.11*** | (0.06–0.18) |
| Non-JKN | 0.24*** | (0.13–0.45) | 0.29*** | (0.14–0.61) |
| Place of birth delivery services | ||||
| Home (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Polindes/midwife private | 2.13** | (1.19–3.82) | 2.13 | (0.54–8.47) |
| Public health centre | 0.29 | (0.04–2.12) | 2.00 | (0.21–18.99) |
| Private health centre | 28.52*** | (14.21–57.23) | 57.41*** | (15.28–215.77) |
| Public hospital | 48.75*** | (24.81–95.79) | 135.62*** | (38.11–482.55) |
| Private hospital | 81.71*** | (42.40–157.46) | 192.23*** | (54.00–684.28) |
| Mother’s education | ||||
| Primary or less (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Junior high school | 0.92 | (0.57–1.48) | 0.77 | (0.41–1.45) |
| Senior high school | 0.93 | (0.59–1.46) | 0.75 | (0.41–1.35) |
| Diploma or more | 1.14 | (0.64–2.05) | 0.65 | (0.31–1.40) |
| Mother’s emplyoment status | ||||
| Does not work (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Working | 0.74* | (0.53–1.05) | 0.54** | (0.34–0.87) |
| Mother’s age at delivery | ||||
| 15–24 years old (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 25–34 years old | 1.34* | (0.97–1.85) | 1.16 | (0.75–1.79) |
| 35+ years old | 1.05 | (0.66–1.66) | 0.75 | (0.41–1.39) |
| Presence of pregnancy complication | ||||
| No (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.05 | (0.73–1.51) | 0.84 | (0.52–1.33) |
| Household head’s education | ||||
| Primary or less (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Junior high school | 1.18 | (0.75–1.85) | 1.20 | (0.67–2.17) |
| Senior high school | 1.33 | (0.87–2.02) | 0.93 | (0.53–1.62) |
| Diploma or more | 1.89** | (1.10–3.25) | 2.17** | (1.07–4.40) |
| Household head’s employment status | ||||
| Does not work (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Working | 1.12 | (0.73–1.71) | 1.47 | (0.82–2.62) |
| Number of household members | ||||
| More than 4 (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 4 or less | 0.72** | (0.53–0.99) | 1.02 | (0.67–1.55) |
| Household wealth ranking | ||||
| Quintile 1: Poorest (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Quintile 2 | 0.41*** | (0.25–0.68) | 0.38*** | (0.18–0.77) |
| Quintile 3 | 0.21*** | (0.13–0.36) | 0.22*** | (0.11–0.44) |
| Quintile 4 | 0.14*** | (0.08–0.25) | 0.25*** | (0.12–0.51) |
| Quintile 5: Richest | 0.08*** | (0.04–0.15) | 0.07*** | (0.03–0.15) |
| Residential sites | ||||
| Rural (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Urban | 0.95 | (0.68–1.32) | 1.01 | (0.64–1.58) |
| Region | ||||
| Sumatra (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Java | 1.01 | (0.71–1.45) | 1.64** | (1.02–2.64) |
| Bali & NTT | 0.37*** | (0.21–0.66) | 0.49* | (0.22–1.08) |
| Kalimantan | 1.50 | (0.80–2.82) | 2.29* | (0.89–5.87) |
| Sulawesi & Papua | 0.39** | (0.17–0.90) | 0.44 | (0.14–1.40) |
| Constant | 0.16*** | (0.07–0.34) | 0.02*** | (0.00–0.07) |
| Observations | 2,143 | 2,143 | ||
Robust CI in parentheses
*** p<0.01
** p<0.05
* p<0.1