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. 2020 Jul 2;28(8):977–984. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.06.019

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

The RAAS under normal conditions is a complex balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. For simplicity, some actions of agents are not indicated. The enzymes Renin, ACE1, ACE2 and aminopeptidases (AP) are displayed in small rectangles and receptors are displayed in small circles. Colour coding: red for generally pro-inflammatory pathways (arrows) and mediators, blue for generally anti-inflammatory pathways (arrows) and mediators. PRO indicates pro-inflammatory etc, ANTI indicates anti-inflammatory. Large rectangles show target tissues. Actions on cardiac atria are shown as stimulation or inhibition of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion (due to the complexity of the diagram, ANP secretion is shown both top left and right). Actions on the zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex are shown as aldosterone secretion. Actions shown on renal tubules are sodium (Na+) retention (aldosterone) and sodium (Na+) excretion (ANP). Widespread actions (PRO or ANTI) on multiple target tissues are Inflammation, vasoconstriction, proliferation, endothelial and pneumocyte dysfunction, etc. Background shading indicates: ACE1 products (pink); products requiring ACE2 alone or ACE2 and ACE1 (blue). Abbreviations: ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; AP: aminopeptidases; AT1-R: AT1-receptor; AT2-R: AT2-receptor; AT4-R: AT4-receptor; mas-R: mas-receptor; MCR: mineralocorticoid receptor.