Table 1. Characteristics in men (n=1,263) according to TMA/Wt tertiles.
| Variable | TMA/Wt tertiles | P for difference | P for trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower (<338.9 cm2/kg) | Middle (338.9–377.7 cm2/kg) | Upper (≥377.8 cm2/kg) | |||
| Age, yr | 50.3±10.6 | 50.7±10.1 | 48.3±10.1 | 0.002 | 0.167 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.3±3.2 | 24.6±2.4 | 23.8±2.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 91.6±8.0 | 86.6±5.9 | 82.3±6.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Visceral fat area, cm2 | 143.6±48.9 | 118.7±40.8 | 88.9±36.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 128.0±13.5 | 124.7±13.7 | 123.0±13.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 83.1±10.2 | 80.5±9.7 | 79.2±9.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 197.1±35.2 | 199.9±35.8 | 196.7±30.9 | 0.333 | 0.597 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 48.9±12.2 | 50.7±11.7 | 54.4±12.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 122.3±32.8 | 123.9±34.3 | 120.9±28.1 | 0.427 | 0.938 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 141.0 (104.0–209.0) | 136.0 (97.0–194.0) | 117.0 (80.0–163.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 92.0 (86.0–102.0) | 91.0 (84.0–99.0) | 89.0 (83.0–94.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin, uIU/mL | 10.3 (7.8–13.7) | 8.7 (6.8–10.9) | 7.5 (6.0–9.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.6 (5.4–5.9) | 5.5 (5.3–5.8) | 5.4 (5.2–5.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.39 (1.74–3.35) | 2.00 (1.52–2.58) | 1.64 (1.30–2.20) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Increased IR, % | 170 (40.4) | 92 (21.9) | 54 (12.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 0.9 (0.5–1.9) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 0.5 (0.3–1.1) | 0.068 | 0.163 |
| Hypertension | 188 (44.7) | 132 (31.4) | 110 (26.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Pre-diabetes mellitus | 181 (43.0) | 166 (39.4) | 111 (26.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 232 (55.1) | 222 (52.7) | 155 (36.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive medication | 97 (23.0) | 66 (15.7) | 42 (10.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering medication | 40 (9.5) | 36 (8.6) | 23 (5.5) | 0.075 | 0.029 |
| Smoking status | 0.042 | 0.827 | |||
| Non-smoker | 93 (22.1) | 84 (19.9) | 115 (27.3) | ||
| Former smoker | 197 (46.8) | 180 (42.8) | 172 (40.9) | ||
| Current smoker | 131 (31.1) | 157 (37.3) | 134 (31.8) | ||
| Alcohol intake | 0.409 | 0.231 | |||
| Non-drinker | 35 (8.3) | 24 (5.7) | 40 (9.5) | ||
| Former drinker | 21 (5.0) | 25 (5.9) | 27 (6.4) | ||
| Current non-heavy drinker | 200 (47.5) | 208 (49.4) | 186 (44.2) | ||
| Current heavy drinker | 165 (39.2) | 164 (39.0) | 168 (39.9) | ||
| Regular exercise | 270 (64.1) | 267 (63.4) | 295 (70.1) | 0.082 | 0.063 |
| Sleep duration, hr/day | 6.9±1.2 | 6.8±1.2 | 7.0±1.1 | 0.096 | 0.601 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or number (%). P values were derived using the independent t-test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, or chi-square test.
TMA, thigh muscle area; Wt, weight; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; IR, insulin resistance.