Table 2. Characteristics in premenopausal women (n=788) according to TMA/Wt tertiles.
| Variable | TMA/Wt tertiles | P for difference | P for trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower (<276.5 cm2/kg) | Middle (276.5–309.1 cm2/kg) | Upper (≥309.2 cm2/kg) | |||
| Age, yr | 43.6±6.9 | 43.3±6.9 | 42.0±7.0 | 0.019 | 0.056 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.4±3.2 | 22.9±2.6 | 21.6±2.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 80.3±8.1 | 76.3±6.3 | 72.3±5.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Visceral fat area, cm2 | 84.20±32.70 | 75.80±30.70 | 58.10±25.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 113.5±12.7 | 110.7±12.6 | 108.6±11.7 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 73.8±9.5 | 72.2±9.0 | 71.1±8.5 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 195.6±32.2 | 191.1±30.6 | 188.9±33.8 | 0.051 | 0.021 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 60.8±14.1 | 61.4±13.9 | 64.4±15.4 | 0.011 | 0.054 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 117.8±31.2 | 113.7±27.1 | 108.2±29.8 | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 93.5 (73.0–123.0) | 85.0 (65.0–110.0) | 79.0 (59.0–107.0) | <0.001 | 0.004 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 85.0 (80.0–90.0) | 86.0 (80.0–91.0) | 83.0 (79.0–89.0) | 0.002 | 0.696 |
| Fasting insulin, uIU/mL | 8.3 (7.0–10.7) | 7.9 (6.6–9.8) | 7.1 (6.0–8.8) | <0.001 | 0.002 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.4 (5.2–5.6) | 5.4 (5.2–5.6) | 5.4 (5.2–5.5) | 0.622 | 0.691 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.75 (1.43–2.34) | 1.69 (1.36–2.21) | 1.49 (1.24–1.88) | <0.001 | 0.009 |
| Increased IR, % | 82 (31.3) | 73 (27.8) | 42 (16.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 0.6 (0.4–1.3) | 0.5 (0.3–1.1) | 0.3 (0.2–0.6) | <0.001 | 0.021 |
| Hypertension | 33 (12.6) | 22 (8.4) | 19 (7.2) | 0.085 | 0.035 |
| Pre-diabetes mellitus | 55 (21.0) | 57 (21.7) | 45 (17.1) | 0.369 | 0.265 |
| Dyslipidemia | 47 (17.9) | 52 (19.8) | 45 (17.1) | 0.721 | 0.805 |
| Antihypertensive medication | 14 (5.3) | 6 (2.3) | 8 (3.0) | 0.143 | 0.155 |
| Lipid-lowering medication | 3 (1.2) | 7 (2.7) | 6 (2.3) | 0.439 | 0.357 |
| Smoking status | 0.787 | 0.537 | |||
| Non-smoker | 237 (90.5) | 238 (90.5) | 230 (87.5) | ||
| Former smoker | 14 (5.3) | 14 (5.3) | 19 (7.2) | ||
| Current smoker | 11 (4.2) | 11 (4.2) | 14 (5.3) | ||
| Alcohol intake | 0.022 | 0.227 | |||
| Non-drinker | 50 (27.0) | 62 (23.0) | 60 (18.0) | ||
| Former drinker | 2 (1.1) | 17 (6.3) | 14 (4.2) | ||
| Current non-heavy drinker | 112 (60.5) | 163(60.4) | 209 (62.8) | ||
| Current heavy drinker | 21 (11.4) | 28 (10.4) | 50 (15.0) | ||
| Regular exercise | 143 (54.6) | 155 (58.9) | 177 (67.3) | 0.011 | 0.003 |
| Sleep duration, hr/day | 6.9±1.3 | 7.0±1.2 | 7.0±1.2 | 0.712 | 0.421 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or number (%). P values were derived using the independent t-test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, or chi-square test.
TMA, thigh muscle area; Wt, weight; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; IR, insulin resistance.