The effect of mECM on the volume of articular cavity and mineral loss induced by osteoarthritis. (a) Coronal views of 3D reconstruction models of μCT images of joint treated with PBS (Control), BMSCs-laden Cowhide collagen (Cowhide collagen + BMSCs) or BMSCs-laden mECM (mRNA + BMSCs) at 1 and 2 months, n = 3. (b–c) The articular cavity was simulated by three-dimensional reconstruction in rats treated with PBS (Control), BMSCs-laden Cowhide collagen (Cowhide collagen + BMSCs) or BMSCs-laden mECM (mRNA + BMSCs) at 1 and 2 months, n = 3; (d) Femur trabecular bone transection and 3D reconstruction images in rats treated with BMSCs-laden Cowhide collagen (Cowhide collagen + BMSCs) or BMSCs-laden mECM (mRNA + BMSCs) at 2 months, n = 3; (e) Bone mineral density of femoral shaft analyzed by μCT treated with BMSCs-laden Cowhide collagen or BMSCs-laden mECM at 2 months, n = 3; (f) μCT analysis of BV/TV, Tb.N, TB.Sp and Tb.Th obtained from the distal femur after two months of treatment with mECM or Cowihide collagen. n = 3, Values are presented as means ± SD. *, indicates P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001, relative to the control group. #, P < 0.05; ##, P < 0.01, relative to the mRNA + BMSCs group.