Figure 4.

CoSyn reduces IL1β expression in cortex and serum and TNFα in serum. (A) Cortical IL1β levels at DPI 3 were reduced in TBI groups with CoSyn-treatment with no alteration in IL1β levels in the hippocampus between groups. (B) TNFα expression levels were the same between groups in the cortical tissue with lower levels exhibited in the hippocampal tissue of the TBI group compared to sham. Sham-saline (n = 10), sham-CoSyn (n = 11), TBI-saline (n = 13), TBI-CoSyn (n = 14). (C) TNFα and IL1β levels in serum at DPI 3, both cytokines showed decreased levels following CoSyn administration. The dashed line indicates the lowest detectable concentration for high-sensitivity ELISA. Significance was determined using two-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc testing. Graphs represent means and error bars show SEM, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ^‡‡p < 0.001.