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. 2020 Jul 3;129:110493. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110493

Table 1.

Chemical structure of repurposed drugs discussed in the present review that are being tested as potential use for treatment of COVID-19.

Drug Structure Action Reference
Anakinra graphic file with name fx1_lrg.gif Recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist, block cytokine storm. [184]
Azithromycin graphic file with name fx2_lrg.gif Antiviral, anti-inflammatory. [241,248]
Baricitinib graphic file with name fx3_lrg.gif Anti-inflammatory Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitor, block cytokine storm. [187]
Chloroquine graphic file with name fx4_lrg.gif Increases endosomal pH and alters glycosylation of ACE-2, interfering with virus/receptor interaction. [249]
Dexamethasone graphic file with name fx5_lrg.gif Steroid, anti-inflammatory, suppression of cytokine storm [170]
Favipiravir graphic file with name fx6_lrg.gif Antiviral, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor. [156]
Heparin graphic file with name fx7_lrg.gif It can reverse the hypercoagulation in severe cases of COVID-19. [173]
Hydroxychloroquine graphic file with name fx8_lrg.gif Increases endosomal pH and alters glycosylation of ACE-2, interfering with virus/receptor interaction. [241]
Interferons (IFN) – Inhibits viral RNA transcription, protein translation and post translational modification. [191] [198],
Ivermectin graphic file with name fx9_lrg.gif Antiviral, inhibits viral replication and assembly of new virions. [136] [137],
Lopinavir graphic file with name fx10_lrg.gif Inhibits 3CL protease activity, Blockage of protein processing. [144]
Losartan graphic file with name fx11_lrg.gif Angiotensin receptor blocker, interferes with renin-angiotensin system and blood vessels constriction/vasodilation. [210]
Methylprednisolone graphic file with name fx12_lrg.gif Anti-inflammatory, suppress cytokine- related lung injury, block cytokine storm [168]
Nitazoxanide graphic file with name fx13_lrg.gif Antiviral, interferes with 3CL protease activity [147]
Remdesivir graphic file with name fx14_lrg.gif Inhibits RdRp polymerase inhibiting RNA synthesis. [120,152]
Ritonavir graphic file with name fx15_lrg.gif Inhibits 3CL protease activity, blockage of protein processing. [144]
Tocilizumab – Interleukin-6 inhibitor, Humanized mAb targeting IL-6, Immunosuppressive, blockage of cytokine storm. [189,190]
Umifenovir (Arbidol) graphic file with name fx16_lrg.gif Interacts with spike glycoprotein and impedes its trimerization, which is key for host cell adhesion and hijacking. [250]
Vitamin C graphic file with name fx17_lrg.gif Boosts immunity by stimulating IFN production, stimulating lymphocyte proliferation and enhancing neutrophil phagocytic capability. [231]
Vitamin D graphic file with name fx18_lrg.gif immunomodulatory property. [234]

Structures from National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Database. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (accessed on June 16, 2020).