Table 3.
Cox models for the risk of renal and other microvascular complications according to the baseline glycated hemoglobin level.
| Outcome | Model | Baseline HbA1c | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Renal complications | <48 mmol/mol | 48-53 mmol/mol | 53-58 mmol/mol | 58-64 mmol/mol | 64-69 mmol/mol | ≥69 mmol/mol | |
| <6.5% | 6.5-7% | 7–7.5% | 7.5–8% | 8–8.5% | ≥8.5% | ||
| CKD development or progression | HR (95% CI) | 1 | 1.29 (0.96-1.72) | 1.17 (0.86-1.59) | 1.07 (0.76-1.49) | 1.42 (1.00-2.01) | 1.98 (1.52-2.57)∗ |
| Development of CKD | 1 | 1.21 (0.86-1.70) | 1.08 (0.76-1.54) | 1.10 (0.74-1.63) | 1.33 (0.88-2.02) | 1.86 (1.38-2.52)∗ | |
| Progression of CKD | 1 | 1.57 (0.90-2.72) | 1.36 (0.72-2.59) | 1.12 (0.58-2.14) | 1.66 (0.85-3.22) | 2.18 (1.27-3.75)∗ | |
| ESRD development | 1 | 2.76 (0.80-9.55) | 1.92 (0.53-6.89) | 1.86 (0.48-7.11) | 1.27 (0.23-7.14) | 4.52 (1.44-14.13)∗ | |
| Other microvascular complications | |||||||
| Development of retinopathy | |||||||
| Time < 1800 days | 1 | 1.05 (0.73-1.53) | 1.05 (0.72-1.55) | 0.75 (0.48-1.18) | 0.92 (0.57-1.47) | 1.02 (0.72-1.44) | |
| Time ≥ 1800 days | 1 | 1.37 (0.80-2.33) | 1.58 (0.93-2.67) | 2.31 (1.39-3.86)∗ | 3.34 (2.01-5.56)∗ | 2.83 (1.81-4.42)∗ | |
| Neuropathy | |||||||
| Time < 660 days | 1 | 1.26 (0.61-2.58) | 0.79 (0.34-1.83) | 1.01 (0.42-2.40) | 1.18 (0.47-2.92) | 2.09 (1.12-3.92)† | |
| 660 ≤ time < 3300 days | 1 | 1.14 (0.69-1.88) | 0.91 (0.53-1.56) | 2.15 (1.33-3.50)∗ | 1.84 (1.07-3.17)† | 1.94 (1.25-3.00)∗ | |
| Time ≥ 3300 days | 1 | 0.40 (0.11-1.47) | 0.88 (0.27-2.84) | 0.52 (0.06-4.29) | 1.45 (0.36-5.73) | 0.47 (0.14-1.58) | |
| Diabetic foot | 1 | 0.40 (0.14-1.11) | 0.31 (0.10-0.98)† | 1.25 (0.57-2.75) | 0.41 (0.12-1.48) | 1.35 (0.69-2.65) | |
A composite analysis of CKD development and progression was performed in CKD-naïve and preexisting CKD groups (n = 2769). Analysis for the development of ESRD was performed in all subjects (n = 3099). Data are shown as HR (95% confidence interval). ∗p < 0.01, †p < 0.05, adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, antihypertensive, and glucose-lowering agents. Abbreviations: CKD: chronic kidney disease; ESRD: end-stage renal disease; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval.