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. 2020 Jun;8(12):795. doi: 10.21037/atm.2020.04.10

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2020 Annals of Translational Medicine. All rights reserved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0.

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Left ventricular pressure-volume (PV) loops showing the effects of contractility changes on Ees and afterload variations in Ea. (A) Cardiac contractility was increased with dobutamine and decreased with esmolol. The slope of the end-systolic PV relation (ESPVR) defines the end-systolic elastance (Ees, dashed colored lines) and the contractility performance at each stage. (B) Afterload was increased with phenylephrine and decreased with sodium nitroprusside. The lines connecting the end-diastolic volume and end-systolic pressure describes the effective arterial elastance at each stage (Ea, dotted colored lines).