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. 2020 Jun 26;11:1357. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01357

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Copyright © 2020 Gupta and Nair.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagrammatic representation of steps involved in the transition of free-living bacteria to obligate insect endosymbionts. The host-restricted bacteria undergo changes in its genomic size, composition and architecture; and these are brought about by excessive gene loss, chromosomal rearrangements, proliferation of transposons and pseudogenization of several non-essential genes during the adaptation stage and these processes are attenuated on transformation to obligate symbionts (see text for details). Objects in the figure are not drawn to scale.