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. 2020 Jul 3;20:147. doi: 10.1186/s12911-020-01168-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Encoding Operated, Ordered, Required, and Dependent constraints for a repeated cCDE. a A ‘Medical History’ clinical document presented in a tabular format containing six attributes. b A repeated cCDE is created with the corresponding six aCDEs along with four constraint rules: (1) the start date (DE:47618) should be earlier than the end date (DE:47619): (< DE:47618 DE:47619); (2) all attributes are required to have values other than null, except for the end date (DE:47619): (Required DE:37059 DE:47621 DE:31106 DE:47618 DE:44078, 3) when a certain medical history is not ongoing (DE:44078), the end date (DE:47619) cannot be obtained, and vice versa: (IF (! = DE:44078 ‘Yes’) DE:47619 NULL); and (4) aCDEs can be ordered according to a constraint statement such as (Ordered DE:37059 DE:47621 DE:31106 DE:47618 DE:44078 DE:47619) (http://chmr2.snubi.org:8083/chmr/data_element_view.jsp?id=28477)