Table 1.

Encoding operated, required, dependent, and ordered constraints for CDEs with prefix notation. Examples of (A) an operated constraint for calculating BMI, (B) a required constraint for demography information, (C) a dependent constraint for smoking history, and (D) an ordered constraint

Constraints	Example of Clinical Documents	Set of CDE IDs and Names
	Prefix Notation for Formulating Constraints
A) Operated	Weight (kg): Height (cm): BMI (kg/m2):	CDE30 Body Weight Value in kg CDE31 Body Height Value in cm CDE32 Body Mass Index Value
	(IF (= CDE31.unit_of_measure ‘m’) (/ CDE30 CDE31 CDE31) (/ CDE30 CDE31 CDE31 100,100)); (/ CDE30 CDE31 CDE31 100,100)
B) Required	1) *Patient Age: 2) *Gender ☐ Female ☐ Male ☐ Unknown ☐ Unspecified ☐ Not reported 3) Ethnicity: ☐ Hispanic or Latino ☐ Unknown ☐ Not Hispanic or Latino ☐ Not reported	CDE40 Patient Age CDE41 Patient Gender CDE42 Patient Ethnicity
	(Required CDE40 CDE41)
C) Dependent	Smoking History 1) *Current tobacco use? ☐ Yes ☐ No ☐ Unknown 2) *Past tobacco use? ☐ Yes ☐ No ☐ Unknown 3) Age when tobacco use started (years)? (Skip if Q1 and Q2 are both No)	CDE20 Current Smoking Indicator CDE21 Past Smoking Indicator CDE22 Age When Tobacco Use Started
	(IF (or (!= CDE20 ‘Yes’) (!= CDE21 ‘Yes’)) CDE22 NULL)
D) Ordered	(Ordered CDE20 CDE21 CDE22)