Table 9.

Comparison with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and previous ethnobotanical studies

Plant species	Diseases treated by Mulam	Diseases treated in traditional Chinese medicine and previous ethnobotanical studies
Achyranthes longifolia	Calculosis	Traumatic injury, rheumatism, dysentery, diphtheria, sore throat, sore carbuncle, stranguria, edema, removing blood stasis, kidney empty lumbago, dysmenorrhea, hypertension
Acorus gramineus	Epilepsy, phlegm heat, abdominal distension, abdominal pain, traumatic injury	Epilepsy, phlegm heat, rheumatism, beautifying, bellyache, tummy bug, numbness of limbs, hemorrhoids, diarrhea, gall, injuries from falls, dysmenorrhea
Artemisia argyi	Tocolysis, dysmenorrhea, irregular menses, leukorrhea, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis	Irregular menstruation, spitting blood, uterine bleeding, postpartum hemorrhage, carbuncle and scabies, stopping bleeding by warming meridians, expel cold and alleviate pain
Artemisia carvifolia	Malaria, diarrhea, jaundice, scab capillaris ies, pruritus	Malaria, sunstroke, dysentery, jaundice, scabies, pruritus
Camellia oleifera	Abdominal pain, depriving ascarid, intestinal dryness, scabies, scald	Acute laryngopharyngitis, cold, diarrhea, stomachache, pruritus
Clerodendrum bungei	Tuberculosis, carbuncle, furuncle, eczema, piles, rectal prolapse, infantile convulsion	Carbuncle, furuncle, eczema, enriching the blood
Corydalis saxicola	Anti-inflammatory	Acute or chronic hepatitis, scabies swelling poison
Cupressus funebris	Liver ascites	Children with high fever, vomiting blood, burns, hemorrhoids, dysentery
Curculigo orchioides	Impotence, aconuresis, carbuncle, scrofula	Impotence, urinary incontinence, uterine bleeding, ulcer, scrofula, headache due to common cold, rheumatic arthritis, rheumatism, nourishing, strengthening muscles and bones
Dioscorea bulbifcra	Antral gastritis, enteritis, thyroid disease, cough with lung heat, pudendal ulcer	Goiter, lymphatic tuberculosis, sore throat, hematemesis, hemoptysis, whooping cough, cancer, sore furuncle, epistaxis, pneumonia
Eriobotrya japonica	Ascites due to cirrhosis, cough with lung heat, hemoptysis, clearing away heat and toxic materials	Pertussis, cough, hematemesis, emesis
Euphorbia esula	degerming, chills, fever	–
Ficus hirta	Stomachache, cough, abdominal distension, edema, leukorrhea, rheumatoid arthritis, lumbago	Consumption, cough, abdominal distention, edema, rheumatism arthralgia, hepatitis, leucorrhea, no milk after delivery
Flemingia macrophylla	Caligo of old people	Rheumatic, lumbar muscle strain, hemiplegia and impotence
Gynostemma pentaphyllum	Relieve fever, anti-inflammator, chronic tracheitis, cough, asthma, stomachache, insomnia, headache	Cough, chronic gastroenteritis, rheumatism, bronchitis, stomachache
Hedyotis diffusa	Lung heat, sore throat, jaundice, pelvic inflammation, carbuncle, snake bite	Appendicitis, sphagitis, jaundice, adverse urination, dysentery, tumors, boils swelling, snake bite, hepatitis, cough, bronchitis, tonsillitis, toothache, cancer
Laportea violacea	Ascites due to cirrhosis	Rheumatic arthritis, urticaria, eczema, stomachache, malnutrition, epilepsy, sciatica
Lygodium japonicum	Kidney stone, clearing heat and diuresis, stranguria. Pounded fresh part applied on the affected area for anaesthesia	Stranguria, gonorrhea, leukorrhea, hepatitis, sorethroat, enteritis, dysentery, eczema, shingles, hematemesis, bleeding wound, jaundice, itch, diuresis, calculus, rheumatism, chronic ulcer, skin infection, furuncle, foot rot
Pinus massoniana	Rheumatic arthritis, tuberculous arthritis, blood stasis, rheumatoid arthritis, traumatic injury, insomnia, edema, eczema, hemorrhoids	Vertigo, stomachache, dysentery, traumatic hemorrhage, eczema, skin erosion, measles
Polygonum multiflorum	Insomnia, profuse sweating, skin eruption, kidney deficiency, premature graying of the hair, dizzy of the head and dim of sight, soreness and weakness of waist and knees, spermatorrhea, chronic hepatitis, abscess, constipation due to intestinal dryness	Vertigo, tinnitus, premature graying of the hair, lumbar and knee pain, limb numbness, neurasthenia, hyperlipidemia, carbuncle, rubella, constipation, spermatorrhea, malaria, dysentery, chronic hepatitis, scrofula, intestinal wind, hemorrhoid, kidney deficit, dizziness, insomnia, postpartum bellyache, retention of blood in uteru
Pueraria montana var. lobata	Alleviate a hangover, vertebral syndrom, clearing away heat and relieving exterior syndrome, stimulate saliva and reduce thirst, measles, diarrhea	Fever, headache, diarrhea, hypertension, stenocardia, epicophosis
Ricinus communis	Carbuncle, pharyngitis, edema, scrofula, constipation, scabies	Rheumatoid arthralgia, tetanus, epilepsy, schizophrenia, ulcer, pharyngitis, scrofula, scald, scabies
Rosa laevigata	Spermatorrhea, enuresis, diarrhea, diarrhea, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, leukorrhea, hemorrhoid complicated by anal fistula, scald, frequent micturition, diarrhea due to spleen deficiency, spontaneous sweating, night sweat, leukorrhea, rectal prolapse	Spermatorrhea, enuresis, diarrhea, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, leukorrhea, uterine prolapse, rectal prolapse, hemorrhoid, scald, spontaneous sweating, night sweat, bone fracture, traumatic injury, appendicitis, enteritis, stomachache
Sarcandra glabra	Sore throat, wind-heat type common cold, diarrhea bacillary dysentery, rheumatism, traumatic injury	Rheumatic arthralgia, traumatic injury, fracture, pneumonia, appendicitis, tumour, bacillary dysentery, cholecystitis, abscess, sore throat, rheumatism, promoting blood circulation, heat clearing and detoxifying
Schefflera heptaphylla	Rheumatism, rheumatoid, sweating	Fever, rheumatism, traumatic injury, sore throat, for eczema, allergic dermatitis, dermatitis, eczema
Semiliquidambar cathayensis	Rheumatoid arthritis, lumbar muscle degeneration	Rheumatism, rheumatoid, traumatic injury, relaxing tendons and activating collaterals, promoting blood circulation, postpartum recovery, skin disease
Sophora tonkinensis	Sore throat, gastric cancer, stomachache, gastric ulcer, prostatitis, diuresis	Sorethroat, swelling and aching of gum, jaundice, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, scabies, snake bite, acute pharyngitis, tonsillitis, cough, constipation, clearing heat and detoxifying, diminishing inflammation, relieving pain
Striga asiatica	Nfantile malnutrition, edema	Pacify liver and clear heat, remove food retention, infantile malnutrition, dampness-heat constitution, diarrhea, jaundiced hepatitis
Toddalia asiatica	Rheumatism, traumatic injury, bleeding wound	Rheumatism, traumatic injury, stomachache, bleeding wound, amenorrhea, algomenorrhea, furuncle, intercostal neuralgia, skin disease, relieving pain, hemiplegia
Toxicodendron vernicifluum	Dermatitis	Traumatic injury, traumatic bleeding, sore carbuncle
Viburnum taitoense	Hyperosteogeny, protrusion of lumbar intervertebral disc, relieve pain, traumatic injury	–
Zanthoxylum nitidum	Rheumatism, relieve pain, gastric ulcer, stomachache, prostatitis	Traumatic injury, rheumatism, stomachache, toothache, snakebite, diarrhea, malaria, chronic gastricism
Zingiber officinale	Cough, hemoptysis, hiccough, anemofrigid cold, vomit, cough, reduce phlegm	Cold, vomiting, cough, release superficies, warm the middle, resolve phlegm and stop cough