Table 2.

Describing Details of OHL Tools

Author	Instrument	Year Publication	Setting	Characteristics			Psychometrics			Measure style	Assessment	Scoring categories
				Domains assessed	Validation sample population age	Modes of administration in validation study	Number of items	Sample size in validation study	Language of validated version
Richman et al., [31]	REALD-99	2007	North Carolina	Pronunciation	Adults: 18 to 64 years	Face-to-face	99	102	English	REALM Family	Objective	Sum score (0–99)
Gong et al., [32]	ToFHLiD	2007	North Carolina	Comprehension, Numeracy	Adults: 18 to 64 years	Face-to-face	80	102	English	TOFHLA Family	Objective	Weighted score (0–100)
Lee et al., [33]	REALD-30	2007	North Carolina	Pronunciation	Adults: 18 to 64 years	Face-to-face	30	202	English	REALM Family	Objective	Sum score (0–30)
Sabbahi et al., [34]	OHLI	2009	Toronto	Comprehension, Numeracy	Adults: 18 to 64 years	Paper and pencil, Face-to-face	57	100	English	TOFHLA Family	Objective	Possible range: 0–100 (comprehension score × 1.31, numeracy score × 2.63), with 0–59: inadequate HL, 60–74: marginal HL, and 75–100: adequate HL
Macek et al., [35]	CMOHK	2010	Baltimore	Pronunciation	Adults:aged 45–64 years	Face-to-face	28	100	–	REALM Family	Objective	CMOHK scores were divided into three categories. Scores from 0 to 11 represented“poor,“12–14 corresponded to“fair,” and 15–23 represented “good”
Atchison et al., [36]	REALM-D	2010	USA	Comprehension, Pronunciation	Adults: 18 to 64 years	Face-to-face	84	200	English	REALM Family	Objective	Words pronounced correctly received a score of 1, and mispronounced or not attempted words received a score of 0.
Stucky et al., [37]	TS-REALD	2011	North Carolina	Pronunciation	Adults	Face-to-face	11	1405	English	REALM Family	Objective	Possible range: 0–9 (raw score). For interpretation, raw scores are transformed
Wong et al., [38]	HKREALD-30	2012	Hong Kong	Comprehension, Numeracy	Adults: 18 to 64 years, Adolescents: 10 to 17 years	Paper and pencil, Face-to-face	52	200	Cantonese	REALM Family	Objective	Possible range: 0–52, ↑scores = ↑ Oral HL
Lee et al., [39]	OHLA-S	2012	North Carolina	Word recognition section and a comprehension	aged 18 or older but less than 80 years	Face-to-face	24	405	Spanish and English	REALM Family	Objective	Sum score (0–24)
Gironda et al., [40]	REALMD-20	2013	USA	Pronunciation	least 18 years of age	Face-to-face	20	200	English	REALM Family	Objective	Sum score (0–20)
Wong et al., [41]	HKOHLAT-P	2013	Hong Kong	Pronunciation	Adults:aged 45–64 years	Face-to-face	30	200 pairs of paediatric dental patients	Hong Kong	TOFHLA Family	Self-reported	Total score range of 0–52, with higher scores indicating better functional OHL.
Jones et al., [42]	HeLD	2013	Australians	Comprehension, Numeracy	Older Adults: 65+ years, Adults: 18 to 64 years, Adolescents: 10 to 17 years	Paper and pencil, Face-to-face	29	209	English		Self-reported	NR
Naghibi Sistani et al., [43]	OHL-AQ	2013	Tehran (Iran)	Reading comprehension,numeracy, literacy and decision making	adults aged between 18 and 65 years	Face-to-face	17	97	Persian	TOFHLA Family	Self-reported	Possible range: 0–17 Inadequate, 0–9; marginal, 10–11; and adequate, 12–17.
Tadakamadla et al., [44]	AREALD-30	2014	Saudi Arabia	Pronunciation	aged over 25 years	Face-to-face	30	177	Arabic	REALM Family	Objective	Sum score (0–30)
Pakpour et al., [45]	IREALD-99	2014	Iran	Pronunciation	Adults: 18 to 64 years	Face-to-face	99	421	Persian	REALM Family	Objective	Sum score (0–99)
Junkes et al., [46]	BREALD-30	2015	Brazilian	Pronunciation	aged 18 to 75 years	Face-to-face	30	258	Brazilian-Portuguese	REALM Family	Objective	Sum score (0–30)
Peker et al., [47]	TREALD-30	2017	Turkish	Pronunciation	Adults: 18 to 64 years	Face-to-face	30	127	Turkish	REALM Family	Objective	Sum score (0–30)
Cruvinel et al., [48]	REALMD-20	2017	Brazilian	Pronunciation	Older Adults: 65+ years, Adults: 18 to 64 years	Face-to-face	20	200	Portuguese	REALM Family	Objective	NR
Bado et al., [49]	OHLA-B	2017	Brazilian	Pronunciation and comprehension	Adults	Paper and pencil, Face-to-face	30	20	Portuguese	REALM Family	Objective	Sum score (0–30)
Cartes-Velásquez and Luengo Machuca, [50]	OHLI-cl	2017	Chilean	Comprehension, Numeracy, General	Adults: 18 to 64 years	Paper and pencil, Face-to-face	57	482	Spanish	–	Objective	Possible range: 0–100 (comprehension score × 1.31, numeracy score × 2.63), with 0–59: inadequate HL, 60–74: marginal HL, and 75–100: adequate HL
Cartes-Velásquez and Luengo-Machucaa, [51]	Span-REALD-30	2018	Chilean	Pronunciation, Numeracy, General, Comprehension	Adults: 18 to 64 years	Face-to-face	30	482	Spanish	–	Objective	NR