Table 1.
Intensive care management and clinical outcomes compared with case series from different countries.
| Abu Dhabi (UAE) (n = 55) | Seattle (USA) (n = 24) [3] | Atlanta (USA) (n = 217) [4] | Wuhan (China) (n = 52) [2] | Lombardy (Italy) (n = 1591) [5] | Vitoria (Spain) (n = 48) [6] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean ± SD or median [IQR], yr | 51 ± 13 | 64 ± 18 | 64 [54–73] | 60 ± 13 | 63 [57–70] | 63 [51–75] |
| SOFA score, mean ± SD or median [IQR] | 4 [3–7] | – | 7 [5–11] | – | – | 7 ± 3 |
| APACHE II score, median [IQR] | 15 [12–20] | – | – | 17 [14–19] | – | 15 [12–19] |
| Intensive care therapy, n (%) | ||||||
| High-flow nasal cannula | 32 (58) | 10 (42) | – | 33 (63) | 0 (0) | 3 (6) |
| Non-invasive ventilation | 25 (45) | 0 (0) | – | 29 (56) | 137 (11) | 0 (0) |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 40 (73) | 18 (75) | 165 (76) | 22 (42) | 1150 (89) | 45 (94) |
| Hospital days prior to intubation, median (range), d | 0 (0-8) | – | - | – | – | – |
| Neuromuscular blockade | 34/40 (85) | 7/18 (39) | – | – | – | – |
| Prone position (PP) | 28/40 (70) | 5/18 (28) | – | 6/22 (27) | 240/875 (27) | 22/45 (49) |
| Days from intubation to PP, median (range) | 0 (0-8) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Number of PP sessions/patient, median (range) | 4 (1-13) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Longest duration of PP, median (range), hour | 23 (14-38) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Inhaled pulmonary vasodilators | 11 (20) | 5 (21) | 22 (10) | – | – | 0 (0) |
| ECMO | 6 (11) | 0 (0) | 4 (1.8) | 6 (11) | 5/498 (1) | 1 (2) |
| ICU days prior to ECMO, median (range) | 4 (0-7) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Vasopressors | 38 (69) | 17 (71) | 143 (66) | 18 (35) | – | – |
| ICU days prior to vasopressors use, median (range) | 1 (0-8) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Renal replacement therapy (RRT) | 11 (20) | – | 63 (29) | 9 (17) | – | – |
| ICU days prior to RRT, median (range) | 2 (0-16) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Outcomes | ||||||
| Length of follow-up, median (range), d | 26 (4-61) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Median length of stay, median [IQR], d | ||||||
| Overall, in ICU | 17 [8–34] | 9 [4–14] | 9 [5–15] | 9 [6–13] | ||
| In patients still in ICU | 52 [47–54] | – | 32 [28–41] | – | 10 [8–14] | – |
| In patients discharged from ICU | 14.5 [7–27] | – | – | 8 [5–12] | – | |
| In patients discharged from hospital | 22 [15–29] | – | – | – | – | |
| Duration of IMV, median [IQR], d | ||||||
| Overall | 18.5 [9–41] | 10 [7–12] | 9 [4–13] | |||
| In patients who were extubated | 12.5 [7–16] | 11 [7–12] | – | – | – | |
| Extubated, n/total n (%) | 20/40 (50) | 6/18 (33) | 101/165 (61) | 0/22 (0) | - | 10/45 (22) |
| Died in ICU, n (%) | 12 (22) | 12 (50) | 67 (31) | 32 (61) | 405/1581 (26) | 16 (33) |
| Death among patients with MV, n (%) | 11/40 (27) | – | 56/165 (34) | 30/37 (81) | - | 16/45 (36) |
| Time from ICU admission to death, median [IQR], d | 23 [7–35] | – | 9 [5–14] | – | 7 [5–11] | – |
| Discharged alive from ICU, n (%) | 38 (69) | – | 147 (68) | 14 (27) | 256 (16) | 13 (27) |
| Remains critically ill and requiring MV, n (%) | 4 (7) | 7 (29) | 8 (4) | 3(6) | - | 21 (44) |
| Discharged alive from hospital, n (%) | 34 (62) | 5 (21) | 131 (60) | – | – | – |
SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; APACHE: Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation; PP: prone position; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; RRT: renal replacement therapy; MV: invasive mechanical ventilation; IQR: interquartile range.