Table 1.

Antioxidants and dietary interventions in Alzheimer's disease.

antioxidants and nutraceuticals	effect or biological action	references
molecular hydrogen	An exceptional antioxidant which also reduces inflammation and modulation signalling pathways. Diffuses into mitochondria and nucleus reacting with free radicals act their source. Reduces the hydroxyl radical. Reduces beta amyloid-induced ROS. accumulation. Suppressed learning and memory impairment and extended lifespan. Improved word recall scores. Increases superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels.	[119–121,124–126]
glutathione	Maintains the thiol redox status of cells, protects against oxidative stress, detoxes reactive metals and electrophiles. Scavenges lipid peroxidation products. Beneficial in maintaining good health in the aged.	[126–129]
astaxanthin	Most potent carotenoid having neuroprotective properties. Reduces oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Protects against the neurotoxic effects of beta amyloid oligomers. Decreased memory impairment in Wistar rats.	[130–134]
ascorbyl palmitate	Maintains vitamin C activity without the side effects of ascorbic acid. Is an efficient scavenger of the hydroxyl radical. Able to cross the blood brain barrier. Regenerates vitamin E.	[135–143]
nicotinic acid (niacin) (vitamin B3)	Megadoses of nicotinic acid restored mental capacity in previous prisoners of war.	[144]
vitamin B12 and B9 (folate)	Reduces homocysteine	[145]
fruits and vegetables	Dietary supplementation with fruits, vegetables and their extracts can decrease oxidative stress and inflammatiom	[146]
dietary restriction, Mediterranean diet, lifestyle changes	The evidence supports nutritional interventions and lifestyle changes prevent and treat Alzheimer's disease.	[15,147,148]
low-carbohydrate diet	Reduces triglycerides, blood glucose and insulin resistance common in Alzheimer's patients.	[149–152]
ketogenic diet and lifestyle changes	Reverse memory problems in 100 Alzheimer's patients.	[19]