Table 3.
Cox regression models for the relationship of different measures of muscle mass, strength, and quality to incident diabetes in mena
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage of total lean body mass | ||||
| Reference (Q1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Quartile 2 | 0.86 (0.48-1.55) | 0.87 (0.48-1.56) | 0.91 (0.42-1.95) | 0.94 (0.44-2.01) |
| Quartile 3 | 0.45 (0.22-0.92)b | 0.45 (0.22-0.92)b | 0.34 (0.11-0.99)b | 0.35 (0.12-1.03) |
| Quartile 4 | 0.45 (0.21-0.96)b | 0.46 (0.22-0.97)b | 0.50 (0.17-1.50) | 0.53 (0.18-1.59) |
| P value for trend | 0.009 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.09 |
| Absolute total lean body mass | ||||
| Reference (Q1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Quartile 2 | 0.48 (0.20-1.15) | 0.47 (0.20-1.13) | 0.21 (0.04-0.99)b | 0.20 (0.04-0.94)b |
| Quartile 3 | 1.15 (0.56-2.34) | 1.10 (0.54-2.26) | 1.33 (0.48-3.68) | 1.24 (0.44-3.51) |
| Quartile 4 | 1.42 (0.69-2.93) | 1.32 (0.63-2.75) | 2.03 (0.61-6.76) | 2.13 (0.63-7.20) |
| P value for trend | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.07 |
| Absolute total lean-to-fat mass ratio | ||||
| Reference (Q1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Quartile 2 | 1.01 (0.57-1.79) | 1.04 (0.59-1.85) | 1.14 (0.53-2.45) | 1.16 (0.54-2.50) |
| Quartile 3 | 0.49 (0.24-1.01) | 0.49 (0.24-1.01) | 0.47 (0.17-1.32) | 0.51 (0.17-1.44) |
| Quartile 4 | 0.39 (0.17-0.88)b | 0.39 (0.17-0.89)b | 0.50 (0.16-1.61) | 0.53 (0.16-1.72) |
| P value for trend | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.10 | 0.15 |
| Knee extensor strength | ||||
| Reference (Q1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Quartile 2 | 1.0 (0.29-3.48) | 1.06 (0.31-3.71) | 0.82 (0.18-3.76) | 0.81 (0.18-3.73) |
| Quartile 3 | 0.97 (0.28-3.43) | 1.03 (0.29-3.65) | 0.71 (0.15-3.35) | 0.72 (0.15-3.43) |
| Quartile 4 | 1.86 (0.56-6.23) | 1.99 (0.60-6.61) | 1.27 (0.29-5.46) | 1.27 (0.29-5.51) |
| P value for trend | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.78 | 0.78 |
| Percentage of leg lean mass | ||||
| Reference (Q1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Quartile 2 | 0.66 (0.30-1.44) | 0.64 (0.29-1.40) | 0.54 (0.22-1.35) | 0.54 (0.22-1.35) |
| Quartile 3 | 0.37 (0.14-0.93) | 0.33 (0.13-0.84) | 0.34 (0.12-1.00) | 0.36 (0.12-1.04) |
| Quartile 4 | 0.40 (0.16-1.02) | 0.38 (0.15-0.96) | 0.50 (0.18-1.44) | 0.54 (0.19-1.56) |
| P value for trend | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.12 |
| Absolute leg lean mass | ||||
| Reference (Q1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Quartile 2 | 0.41 (0.14-1.15) | 0.39 (0.14-1.11) | 0.30 (0.08-1.09) | 0.29 (0.08-1.07) |
| Quartile 3 | 0.67 (0.27-1.66) | 0.64 (0.25-1.60) | 0.81 (0.31-2.14) | 0.76 (0.29-2.04) |
| Quartile 4 | 1.11 (0.49-2.51) | 0.94 (0.41-2.19) | 0.91 (0.34-2.41) | 0.92 (0.35-2.42) |
| P value for trend | 0.67 | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.89 |
| Leg muscle quality | ||||
| Reference (Q1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Quartile 2 | 0.80 (0.24-2.63) | 0.83 (0.25-2.75) | 0.95 (0.25-3.63) | 0.96 (0.25-3.66) |
| Quartile 3 | 0.88 (0.28-2.74) | 0.94 (0.30-2.94) | 0.76 (0.20-2.94) | 0.78 (0.20-3.04) |
| Quartile 4 | 0.99 (0.31-3.19) | 1.11 (0.34-3.61) | 0.57 (0.13-2.55) | 0.55 (0.12-2.45) |
| P value for trend | 0.98 | 0.83 | 0.44 | 0.43 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; Q, quartile; Ref, reference.
aModel 1: unadjusted. Model 2: model 1 + race. Model 3: model 2 + height and weight; Model 4: model 3 + prediabetes. Quartiles for muscle measures were updated for participants at each follow-up visit when available. (HR, 95% CI)bP < 0.05.