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. 2020 Apr 30;4(7):bvaa043. doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa043

Table 4.

Cox regression models for the relationship of different measures of muscle mass, strength, and quality to incident diabetes in womena

Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4
Percentage of total lean body mass
 Reference (Q1) Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Quartile 2 0.87 (0.45-1.67) 0.90 (0.47-1.73) 1.16 (0.48-2.77) 1.10 (0.46-2.64)
 Quartile 3 1.09 (0.57-2.09) 1.13 (0.58-2.17) 1.48 (0.55-4.01) 1.39 (0.51-3.78)
 Quartile 4 0.64 (0.32-1.29) 0.68 (0.34-1.39) 1.08 (0.36-3.27) 1.03 (0.34-3.14)
P value for trend 0.33 0.43 0.84 0.89
Absolute total lean body mass
 Reference (Q1) Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Quartile 2 2.40 (1.04-5.50) 2.39 (1.04-5.50)b 2.42 (0.84-6.96) 2.35 (0.82-6.75)
 Quartile 3 1.67 (0.69-4.07) 1.63 (0.67-3.97) 2.43 (0.72-8.13) 2.31 (0.69-7.76)
 Quartile 4 3.19 (1.39-7.34)b 3.04 (1.31-7.04)b 6.82 (1.93-24.2)b 6.40 (1.80-22.77)b
P value for trend 0.02 0.03 0.003 0.005
Absolute total lean-to-fat mass ratio
 Reference (Q1) Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Quartile 2 0.91 (0.47-1.74) 0.93 (0.49-1.79) 1.18 (0.49-2.81) 1.11 (0.46-2.68)
 Quartile 3 1.09 (0.59-2.03) 1.13 (0.61-2.11) 1.52 (0.58-4.03) 1.42 (0.53-3.78)
 Quartile 4 0.55 (0.25-1.19) 0.58 (0.26-1.27) 0.90 (0.27-3.02) 0.86 (0.26-2.89)
P value for trend 0.26 0.34 0.97 0.96
Knee extensor strength
 Reference (Q1) Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Quartile 2 1.38 (0.44-4.33) 1.29 (0.41-4.07) 1.75 (0.43-7.18) 1.71 (0.42-7.05)
 Quartile 3 1.61 (0.53-4.89) 1.50 (0.49-4.60) 2.47 (0.65-9.39) 2.29 (0.60-8.77)
 Quartile 4 1.37 (0.41-4.56) 1.21 (0.36-4.09) 1.45 (0.33-6.47) 1.39 (0.31-6.23)
P value for trend 0.60 0.74 0.60 0.67
Percentage of leg lean mass
 Reference (Q1) Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Quartile 2 0.97 (0.44-2.14) 0.97 (0.44-2.14) 0.82 (0.35-1.94) 0.78 (0.33-1.83)
 Quartile 3 0.55 (0.22-1.38) 0.56 (0.22-1.41) 0.56 (0.20-1.50) 0.53 (0.20-1.46)
 Quartile 4 0.93 (0.41-2.13) 0.93 (0.41-2.14) 0.82 (0.30-2.24) 0.83 (0.30-2.24)
P value for trend 0.55 0.57 0.54 0.53
Absolute leg lean mass
 Reference (Q1) Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Quartile 2 0.60 (0.21-1.71) 0.60 (0.21-1.69) 0.50 (0.16-1.51) 0.49 (0.16-1.47)
 Quartile 3 1.47 (0.62-3.48) 1.43 (0.60-3.41) 1.12 (0.43-2.94) 1.06 (0.40-2.78)
 Quartile 4 1.51 (0.62-3.67) 1.37 (0.55-3.39) 1.36 (0.47-3.99) 1.34 (0.46-3.89)
P value for trend 0.15 0.23 0.38 0.40
Leg muscle quality
 Reference (Q1) Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Quartile 2 1.96 (0.67-5.68) 1.87 (0.64-5.42) 3.03 (0.82-11.2) 2.98 (0.81-11.00)
 Quartile 3 1.17 (0.36-3.74) 1.16 (0.36-3.70) 1.69 (0.41-6.89) 1.65 (0.40-6.77)
 Quartile 4 1.30 (0.40-4.17) 1.27 (0.39-4.09) 1.84 (0.43-7.78) 1.74 (0.41-7.41)
P value for trend 0.99 0.98 0.80 0.87

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; Q, quartile; Ref, reference.

aModel 1: unadjusted. Model 2: model 1 + race. Model 3: model2 + height and weight. Model 4: model 3 + prediabetes. Quartiles for muscle measures were updated for participants at each follow-up visit when available. (HR, 95% CI).bP < 0.05.