Table 4.
Cox regression models for the relationship of different measures of muscle mass, strength, and quality to incident diabetes in womena
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage of total lean body mass | ||||
| Reference (Q1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Quartile 2 | 0.87 (0.45-1.67) | 0.90 (0.47-1.73) | 1.16 (0.48-2.77) | 1.10 (0.46-2.64) |
| Quartile 3 | 1.09 (0.57-2.09) | 1.13 (0.58-2.17) | 1.48 (0.55-4.01) | 1.39 (0.51-3.78) |
| Quartile 4 | 0.64 (0.32-1.29) | 0.68 (0.34-1.39) | 1.08 (0.36-3.27) | 1.03 (0.34-3.14) |
| P value for trend | 0.33 | 0.43 | 0.84 | 0.89 |
| Absolute total lean body mass | ||||
| Reference (Q1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Quartile 2 | 2.40 (1.04-5.50) | 2.39 (1.04-5.50)b | 2.42 (0.84-6.96) | 2.35 (0.82-6.75) |
| Quartile 3 | 1.67 (0.69-4.07) | 1.63 (0.67-3.97) | 2.43 (0.72-8.13) | 2.31 (0.69-7.76) |
| Quartile 4 | 3.19 (1.39-7.34)b | 3.04 (1.31-7.04)b | 6.82 (1.93-24.2)b | 6.40 (1.80-22.77)b |
| P value for trend | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Absolute total lean-to-fat mass ratio | ||||
| Reference (Q1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Quartile 2 | 0.91 (0.47-1.74) | 0.93 (0.49-1.79) | 1.18 (0.49-2.81) | 1.11 (0.46-2.68) |
| Quartile 3 | 1.09 (0.59-2.03) | 1.13 (0.61-2.11) | 1.52 (0.58-4.03) | 1.42 (0.53-3.78) |
| Quartile 4 | 0.55 (0.25-1.19) | 0.58 (0.26-1.27) | 0.90 (0.27-3.02) | 0.86 (0.26-2.89) |
| P value for trend | 0.26 | 0.34 | 0.97 | 0.96 |
| Knee extensor strength | ||||
| Reference (Q1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Quartile 2 | 1.38 (0.44-4.33) | 1.29 (0.41-4.07) | 1.75 (0.43-7.18) | 1.71 (0.42-7.05) |
| Quartile 3 | 1.61 (0.53-4.89) | 1.50 (0.49-4.60) | 2.47 (0.65-9.39) | 2.29 (0.60-8.77) |
| Quartile 4 | 1.37 (0.41-4.56) | 1.21 (0.36-4.09) | 1.45 (0.33-6.47) | 1.39 (0.31-6.23) |
| P value for trend | 0.60 | 0.74 | 0.60 | 0.67 |
| Percentage of leg lean mass | ||||
| Reference (Q1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Quartile 2 | 0.97 (0.44-2.14) | 0.97 (0.44-2.14) | 0.82 (0.35-1.94) | 0.78 (0.33-1.83) |
| Quartile 3 | 0.55 (0.22-1.38) | 0.56 (0.22-1.41) | 0.56 (0.20-1.50) | 0.53 (0.20-1.46) |
| Quartile 4 | 0.93 (0.41-2.13) | 0.93 (0.41-2.14) | 0.82 (0.30-2.24) | 0.83 (0.30-2.24) |
| P value for trend | 0.55 | 0.57 | 0.54 | 0.53 |
| Absolute leg lean mass | ||||
| Reference (Q1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Quartile 2 | 0.60 (0.21-1.71) | 0.60 (0.21-1.69) | 0.50 (0.16-1.51) | 0.49 (0.16-1.47) |
| Quartile 3 | 1.47 (0.62-3.48) | 1.43 (0.60-3.41) | 1.12 (0.43-2.94) | 1.06 (0.40-2.78) |
| Quartile 4 | 1.51 (0.62-3.67) | 1.37 (0.55-3.39) | 1.36 (0.47-3.99) | 1.34 (0.46-3.89) |
| P value for trend | 0.15 | 0.23 | 0.38 | 0.40 |
| Leg muscle quality | ||||
| Reference (Q1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Quartile 2 | 1.96 (0.67-5.68) | 1.87 (0.64-5.42) | 3.03 (0.82-11.2) | 2.98 (0.81-11.00) |
| Quartile 3 | 1.17 (0.36-3.74) | 1.16 (0.36-3.70) | 1.69 (0.41-6.89) | 1.65 (0.40-6.77) |
| Quartile 4 | 1.30 (0.40-4.17) | 1.27 (0.39-4.09) | 1.84 (0.43-7.78) | 1.74 (0.41-7.41) |
| P value for trend | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.80 | 0.87 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; Q, quartile; Ref, reference.
aModel 1: unadjusted. Model 2: model 1 + race. Model 3: model2 + height and weight. Model 4: model 3 + prediabetes. Quartiles for muscle measures were updated for participants at each follow-up visit when available. (HR, 95% CI).bP < 0.05.