Figure 9. Effects of TMAO (n = 8), urea (n = 6) and saline (n = 5) on renal excretion in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats.

The priming dose (indicated by arrow) of TMAO and urea were 2.8 mmol/kg b.w. (bolus), followed by continuous infusion at a rate of 2.8 mmol/kg b.w./60 min. V – urine flow; U_osm – urine osmolality; U_osmV, U_NaV, U_KV – total solute, sodium and potassium excretion, respectively. Values are means ± SE. * - p<0.05 vs pretreatment values, ^# - p<0.02 TMAO vs saline, TMAO vs urea.