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. 2020 Jul 3;10:10973. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67413-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Coupling between tissue patterning and cell mechanics leads to robust elongation. (A) Elongation ratio as a function of the number of cells in a tissue patterned by a morphogen gradient (in silico experiments). Red: cell mechanics and patterning are coupled. Black: control simulations (adhesion not modulated by the pattern). Results from ten simulations: solid lines indicate the mean and the shading the standard deviation band. Values of average elongation, number of cells, and snapshots of representative simulations as indicated by the color arrows. The cumulative polar histograms of cleavage events (right) reveal that cells preferentially elongate perpendicular to the extension axis when the auto-catalytic intercalation mechanism applies. (B) Cumulative density histograms of divisions (all simulation frames and ten simulations). The green/magenta squares indicate the initial/final bounding boxes that delimit the tissue size. Intercalation-induced cell stretching (top) promotes cell divisions at the domain boundaries. (C) Cumulative density histograms of T1 transitions (all simulation frames and ten simulations). Auto-catalytic intercalation (top) provides fluidity to the tissue as revealed by the active remodeling at domain boundaries.