Fig. 5.

Net clinical benefit by NOACs compared with VKA in patients ≥ 75 years of age in the four NOAC approval trials for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation based on the event rates for stroke or systemic embolism, major bleeding, and intracranial bleeding (ICB) expressed as odds ratios (OR) calculated based on a weighting factor for ICB, the ICB-WF, set at 1.0 for ICB having similar fatality than other events (a), at 1.5 for ICB having 50% higher fatality than other events (b), and at 2.0 for ICB having double the fatality than other events (c) or as number of events prevented/100 patient years of treatment; calculation of the net clinical benefit has been modified according to [18] as explained in the main text. NOAC, non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants; VKA, vitamin K antagonist