Table 1.

A Summary of the Health Effects From Exposure to Volcanic Ash

Outcome		Author, year	Exposure	Population	Direction of findings a
Asthma	Symptoms	Baxter et al. (1983)	Residence near Mount St. Helens	Asthma and bronchitis patients	↑
		Sasayama et al. (2002)	Location of school to Mount Unzen Fugen	School children aged 6–11 years old	↑↑
		Shimizu et al. (2007)	Residence in areas of Mount Asama ashfall with >100 g/m2, >10 g/m2	Adults with asthma	↑↑
		Uda et al. (1999)	Proximity of school to Mount Sakurajima	School children	↔
		Bradshaw et al. (1997)	Exposed to ashfall from Mount Ruapehu	Adults with asthma	↔
	Hospital admissions	Kraemar and McCarthy (1985)	Eruption period of Mount St. Helens	Children with asthma	↑↑
		Gordian et al. (1996)	Eruption period of Mount Spurr	General population of Anchorage, Alaska	↔
Non‐asthma respiratory disease	Symptoms	Baxter et al. (1983)	Residence near Mount St. Helens and received ashfall	Adult residents near Mount St. Helens	↑
		Cowie et al. (2001)	Montserratians exposed to ashfall from Soufrière Hills	Emigrants (all ages) to the United Kingdom	↑↑
		Forbes et al. (2003)	Residence in low/medium/high ashfall from Soufrière Hills	Children in Montserrat	↑↑
		Carlsen et al. (2012)	Ashfall from Eyjafjallajökull	Residents (all ages) near Eyjafjallajökull	↑↑
		Carlsen et al. (2012)	Exceedances of PM10 of 50 μg/m3 from Eyjafjallajökull during summer/fall 2010	Residents (all ages) near Eyjafjallajökull	↑↑
		Hlodversdottir et al. (2016)	PM10, low/medium/high exposure areas from Eyjafjallajökull ashfall	Adults residents (all ages) near Eyjafjallajökull	↑↑
		Hlodversdottir et al. (2018)	PM10, low/medium/high exposure areas from Eyjafjallajökull ashfall	Residents (all ages) near Eyjafjallajökull	↑↑
		Tobin and Whiteford (2004)	High ash/no evacuation, low ash/evacuation, no ash/no evacuation near Mount Tungurahua	Residents in three Ecuadorian communities	↔
	Lung function decline	Cowie et al. (2002)	Residence in low/medium/high ashfall from Soufrière Hills	Workers on Montserrat	↑↑
		Johnson et al. (1982)	Exposed to ashfall from Mount St. Helens	School children	↔
		Research committee on Volcanic emissions (1982)	Distance of towns to Mount Sakurajima	Adult residents near Mount Sakurajima	↔
		Buist et al. (1983)	Respirable dust from Mount St. Helens averaged 0.17 mg/m3	Children aged 8–13 years	↔
		Buist et al. (1986)	Ashfall from Mount St. Helens	Loggers	↔
		Rojas‐Ramos et al. (2001)	0.5–1 mm ash from Popocatepetl	Nonsmoking farmers	↔
	Hospital/clinic visits	Wakisaka et al. (1989)	<10 km, 10–15 km from Mount Sakurajima	General population near Mount Sakurajima	↑
		Malilay et al. (1996)	Communities near and within Cerro Negro volcano ashfall area	General population near Cerro Negro	↑↑
		Naumova et al. (2007)	Eruption period (Guagua Pichincha) and afterward	Children ≤15 years of age in Quito, Ecuador	↑↑
		Longo et al. (2010)	PM2.5, SO2 from Kilauea	General population in Ka'u District, Hawai'i	↑↑
		Hickling et al. (1999)	Areas with >0.25 mm ashfall from Mount Ruapehu	General population	↔
	Respiratory diseases—prevalence	Yano et al. (1986)	Distance of towns to Mount Sakurajima	Women, aged 30–59 years	↑↑
		Yano et al. (1990)	Distance of towns to Mount Sakurajima	Women, aged 30–59 years	↑
	Mortality, bronchitis	Wakisaka et al. (1988)	10, 20, 30 km from Mount Sakurajima	General population near Mount Sakurajima	↑↑
	Mortality, lung cancer	Higuchi et al. (2012)	Distance of towns to Mount Sakurajima	General population in Sakurajima town andTarumizu city	↑↑
Other	Mortality, all‐cause	Oudin et al. (2013)	PM2.5 from Grimsvötn ashfall	General population in exposed areas of Sweden	↔
	Preterm birth and birth weight	Balsa et al. (2016)	PM10 exposure from Puyehue volcano during pregnancy	Live births in Montevideo, Uruguay	↑↑

^a↑↑ = statistically significant increase; ↑ = suggestive increase; ↔ = no association.