Table 3.
Summary of assembly of short nanofibers into three-dimensional aerogel/scaffolds and 3D printing.
| Polymer | Fabrication method | Biological evaluation | Key findings | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PAN/SiO2 scaffolds | Electrospinning | ╳ | Elastic resilience↑; Energy absorption↑ |
[44] |
| KGM/SiO2 scaffold | Electrospinning & freeze-drying | ╳ | Honeycomb-mimetic structure; Shape memory↑; Density, 0.14 mg/cm3 |
[45] |
| Alginate/SiO2 scaffolds | Electrospinning & ionic crosslinking | ╳ | Water content, 99.8%; Shape memory↑ |
[46] |
| Chitosan/SiO2–CaO scaffolds | Electrospinning & sol-gel synthesis | Calvarial defect model | Honeycomb-like structure; Self-deployment; Shape-memory; Elasticity & biomineralization↑ |
[47] |
| PLLA or PLLA/PCL sponges | 3D printed mold assisted electrospinning | In vitro | Shape memory↑; Cell proliferation↑ |
[48] |
| Gelatin/PLLA scaffold | Electrospinning | In vitro | Elasticity↑; Superabsorbent | [49] |
| BMP2-ensconced PLLA/GEL/HAP scaffold | Electrospinning | In vitro & in vivo | Osteogenesis↑; Biocompatibility↑ | [50] |
| PLGA/Col/Gel scaffold | Electrospinning | Cranial defect | Bone regeneration↑ | [51] |
| PLGA/Gel/Hap scaffold | Electrospinning & 3D printing | Cartilage defect | Shape memory↑; Cartilage regeneration↑ |
[52] |
| PLGA/Gel/CDM scaffold | Electrospinning & 3D printing | Cartilage defect | Cartilage regeneration↑ | [53] |
| PLLA/PEO scaffold | Stable jet electrospinning | In vitro | Cell proliferation & infiltration↑ | [54] |
| Silk fibroin | Stable jet electrospinning | In vitro | Cell adhesion & migration↑ | [55] |