Table 7.
Different reaction conditions affecting the esterification reaction.
| S.No. | Reactants(Molar ratio) | Catalyst (amount) | Optimal reaction condition(s) | Product(s) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Glycerol:Oleic acid (1:4) | SO4/ZrO2 (5 wt. %) | < 180 °C, 3–6 hours | GMO, GDO, GTO | [75] |
| 2. | Glycerol:Palm oil oleic acid (1:1) | MESA (Methyl Ester Sulfonate Acid) (0.5 %) | 240 °C, 180 minute | Glycerol ester | [77] |
| 3. | Glycerol:Acetic acid (1:6) | A70, A15, STA/S11, TPS/S11 (5 wt.%) | 105 °C, 4 hour | Monoacetin, Diacetin, Triacetin | [78] |
| 4. | Glycerol:FA [mystric acid(tetra-decanoic), stearic acid, Oleic acid, Lauric acid] (1:2) | DMC (Fe-Zn double-metal cyanide) (7 wt.%) | 180 °C, 8 hours | Glycerides (MG, DG, TG) | [79] |
| 5. | Glycerol:Acetic acid (1:8) | Double-SO3H functionalized ionic liquids (0.5 wt.%) | 100 °C, 30 minutes | Monoacetin, Diacetin, Triacetin | [80] |
| 6. | Glycerol:Olien (1:1) | Zinc oxide, ferrous oxide, stannous oxide (0.4 wt.%) | 170 °C, 6 hours | Component for fuel | [81] |
| 7. | Glycerol:Acetic acid (2g:20 ml) | PMo3_NaUSY (dodecamolybdophosphoric acid(PMo) engaged in NaUSY Zeolite) (1.9 wt.%) | 3 hour | Monoacetin, Diacetin, Triacetin | [82] |
| 8. | Glycerol:Acetic acid (1:1) | H-beta Zeolite (HBZ) | 100 °C, 1 bar pressure | Monoacetin | [76] |
| 9. | Glycerol:Acetic acid (3:1) | Bio-derived carbon catalyst (2 wt.%) | 110 ◦C, 3 hour | Monoacetin, Diacetin, Triacetin | [49] |