Table 3.

Adjusted Associations Between Morning Stress/Mood Levels with Evening Meals' Behaviors/Foods by Food Security Status.

		Parent Feeding Practices		Types of Food Served			Fussiness/Pickiness
Outcome:		Pressure to Eat	Food Restriction	Fast food	Prepared Foods	Homemade foods	Child Refuses food
Food Secure Families (N = 110 families; N = 746 days)
Morning Stress	OR	1.53	1.30	1.29	1.00	0.90	1.62
95% CI		(1.07–2.17)	(0.81–2.07)	(1.01–1.64)	(0.83–1.21)	(0.74–1.10)	(1.05–2.50)
p-value		0.018*	0.275	0.044*	0.989	0.312	0.029*
Mean Outcome if Stress = 0		10.7%	11.1%	13.1%	32.3%	62.7%	5.6%
Morning Depressed Mood	OR	1.54	1.31	1.05	1.11	0.88	2.03
95% CI		(0.92–2.56)	(0.84–2.03)	(0.74–1.48)	(0.90–1.38)	(0.70–1.11)	(1.24–3.34)
p-value		0.098	0.234	0.788	0.335	0.281	0.005**
Mean Outcome if Stress = 0		11.5%	10.7%	13.9%	30.9%	63.5%	5.7%
Food Insecure Families (N = 39 families; N = 248 days)
Morning Stress	OR	1.26	1.81	0.78	1.58	0.82	1.23
95% CI		(0.81–1.98)	(1.15–2.85)	(0.55–1.10)	(1.16–2.17)	(0.65–1.03)	(0.80–1.87)
p-value		0.307	0.010**	0.159	0.004**	0.083	0.344
Mean Outcome if Depressed Mood = 0		16.4%	7.1%	14.5%	28.8%	63.7%	11.4%
Morning Depressed Mood	OR	1.34	1.66	0.87	1.55	0.75	1.31
95% CI		(0.83–2.18)	(1.03–2.67)	(0.60–1.27)	(1.12–2.14)	(0.59–0.96)	(0.81–2.11)
p-value		0.232	0.037*	0.471	0.008**	0.022*	0.273
Mean Outcome if Depressed Mood = 0		16.1%	7.9%	13.8%	29.1%	64.9%	11.3%

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Adjusted models include covariates: primary caregiver age, weight status, anxiety, and race/ethnicity; child age, sex, and weight status; weekend observation; number of evening meals averaged; number of children in the household. Interpretation example: a 1-unit increase in morning stress was associated with 53% greater odds of pressure to eat feeding practices (OR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.07 to 2.17, p = 0.018) the same evening at the dinner or snacking meal occasions served after 4 pm for food secure families, after controlling for all other covariates. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.