Table 1.
Representative treatments under clinical trials for COVID-19.
| classification | Conditions | drug /cocktail/intervention | mechanism | Phases | NCT Number |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| direct-acting antiviral | Severe COVID-19 | Remdesivir | RdRp inhibitor for Ebola virus disease and Marburg virus infections | Phase 3 | NCT04292899 |
| Moderate COVID-19 | Phase 3 | NCT04292730 | |||
| Mild/Moderate COVID-19 | Phase 3 | NCT04252664 | |||
| COVID-19 | Phase 2 | NCT04280705 | |||
| Severe COVID-19 | Phase 3 | NCT04257656 | |||
| moderate COVID-19 | Clevudine | inhibition of HBV DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase. | Phase 2 | NCT04347915 | |
| COVID-19 | Carrimycin | Macrolides antibiotic for systemic bacterial infections | Phase 4 | NCT04286503 | |
| Suspected/Mild/common COVID-19 | combination of Bromhexine Hydrochloride Tablets, Arbidol Hydrochloride Granules, Recombinant Human Interferon-α2β Spray, Favipiravir Tablets | Bromhexine Hydrochloride: clearing mucus from the respiratory tract; Arbidol Hydrochloride: membrane fusion inhibitor for influenza, Favipiravir：RdRp inhibitor for influenza; Oseltamivir: neuraminidase inhibitor for influenza A and B, Lopinavir/ritonavir: protease inhibitor; ASC09: Protease inhibitor for HIV; Ganovo: protease inhibitor for Hepatitis C virus; Darunavir/Cobicistat: protease inhibitor for HIV; Ribavirin: nucleoside inhibitor for RSV infection, hepatitis C and some viral hemorrhagic fevers. |
Not Applicable | NCT04273763 | |
| COVID-19 | Abidol hydrochloride, Oseltamivir, Lopinavir/ritonavir | Phase 4 | NCT04255017 | ||
| COVID-19 | ASC09/oseltamivir, ritonavir/oseltamivir, oseltamivir | Phase 3 | NCT04261270 | ||
| COVID-19 | Arbidol | Phase 4 | NCT04260594 | ||
| COVID-19 | Ganovo + ritonavir+/-Interferon atomization, Long acting interferon, Recombinant cytokine gene-derived protein, Lopinavir + ritonavir,Chinese medicines + interferon atomization | Phase 4 | NCT04291729 | ||
| direct-acting antiviral | COVID-19 | ASC09/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir | Not Applicable | NCT04261907 | |
| COVID-19 | Darunavir/Cobicistat | Phase 3 | NCT04252274 | ||
| COVID-19 | combination of Lopinavir/ Ritonavir, Ribavirin and IFN-beta |
Phase 2 | NCT04276688 | ||
| COVID-19 | Abidol Hydrochloride combined with Interferon atomization | Phase 4 | NCT04254874 | ||
| host target agent | COVID-19 | Duvelisib | PI3K inhibition | Phase 2 | NCT04372602 |
| COVID-19 | Recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (rhACE2) | receptor of SARS-CoV-2 | Not Applicable | NCT04287686 | |
| COVID-19 | Isotretinoin | inhibition of ACE 2 receptor | Phase 3 | NCT04361422 | |
| Severe/Critical COVID-19 | Bevacizumab Injection | anti-VEGF drug for cancers | Phase 2|Phase 3 | NCT04275414 | |
| COVID-19 | Hydroxychloroquine | antimalarial drug | Phase 3 |
NCT04261517 NCT04329611 |
|
| COVID-19 | Anti-CD147 Humanized Meplazumab for Injection | CD147: receptor of SARS-CoV-2 | Phase 1 |Phase 2 |
NCT04275245 | |
| COVID-19 | Lactoferrin | non-specific host defense, inhibition of virus entry, reduce IL-6, TNF a, and downregulate ferritin |
Phase 2 Phase 3 |
NCT04421534 | |
| COVID-19 Requiring Hospitalization | Losartan | AT1 inhibitor | Phase 2 | NCT04312009 | |
| COVID-19 Not Requiring Hospitalization | Losartan | Phase 2 | NCT04311177 | ||
| COVID-19 | Losartan | Phase 1 | NCT04335123 | ||
| host target agent | COVID-19 Associated Acute Respiratory Distress | Aviptadil | prevents NMDA-induced caspase-3 activation in the lung, inhibits cytokines production, protects against pulmonary edema | Phase 2 | NCT04311697 |
| COVID-19 | Sildenafil citrate tablets | inhibitor of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5, improve pulmonary oxygenation | Phase 3 | NCT04304313 | |
| Immunoregulation therapy | Moderate COVID-19 | thalidomide | anticancer drug for multiple myeloma | Phase 2 | NCT04273529 |
| Severe COVID-19 | thalidomide combined with Low-dose Hormones | anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, anti-angiogenesis, and immune regulation | Phase 2 | NCT04273581 | |
| COVID-19 | Fingolimod | immunomodulating drug for multiple sclerosis, phingosine-1-phosphate receptor regulators, effective immunology modulator | Phase 2 | NCT04280588 | |
| severe COVID-19 with lymphocytopenia | PD-1 blocking antibody, Thymosin | PD-1 blocking antibody: immune checkpoint inhibitor, prevent T cell exhaustion; Thymosin: regulate cellular immunity | Phase 2 | NCT04268537 | |
| COVID-19 | Ozanimod | immune modulator | Phase 2 | NCT04405102 | |
| COVID-19 | recombinant human interferon-α2β | an antiviral or antineoplastic drug for a wide range of viral infections and cancers | Early Phase 1 | NCT04293887 | |
| Severe COVID-19 | Intravenous Immunoglobulin | passive immunity and anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory effect | Phase 2|Phase 3 | NCT04261426 | |
| Moderate to Severe COVID-19 | COVID Convalescent Plasma | neutralizing antibodies directly bind to the spike protein to prevent viral entry | Early Phase 1 | NCT04412486 | |
| Severe COVID-19 | Immunoglobulin of cured patients | Not Applicable | NCT04264858 | ||
| COVID-19 | Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Inactivated Convalescent Plasma | Not Applicable | NCT04292340 | ||
| Immunoregulation therapy | Severe COVID-19 | Anti-SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma | neutralizing antibodies directly bind to the spike protein to prevent viral entry | Phase 2 | NCT04354831 |
| Severe COVID-19 | convalescent plasma | Phase 2 | NCT04415086 | ||
| critical Covid-19 | hyperimmune plasma | completed | NCT04321421 | ||
| COVID-19 | Eculizumab | modulate the activity of the distal complement preventing the formation of the membrane attack complex | Not Applicable | NCT04288713 | |
| Severe COVID-19 | CD24Fc | innate checkpoint against the inflammatory response | Phase 3 | NCT04317040 | |
| Severe COVID-19 | Methylprednisolone | Methylprednisolone: used for a wide range of conditions. suppress the immune system and decrease inflammation | Phase 4 | NCT04263402 | |
| COVID19 Critically Ill Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Failure | Methylprednisolone | Phase 2|Phase 3 | NCT04244591 | ||
| COVID-19 | Sarilumab | an inhibitor of the receptor of interleukin 6 | Phase 2|Phase 3 | NCT04315298 | |
| Critical COVID-19 | Naproxen | anti-inflamatory | Phase 3 | NCT04325633 | |
| Cytokine Release Syndrome in COVID-19 | Tocilizumab | an inhibitor of the receptor of interleukin 6 | Not Applicable | NCT04306705 | |
| COVID-19 with viral Inflammation | Stem Cell Educator-Treated Mononuclear Cells Apheresis | reverse the autoimmune response | Phase 2 | NCT04299152 | |
| COVID-19 | Natural killer Cells | mobilize the immune system to actively kill the invading viruses and the infected cells. | Phase 1 | NCT04280224 | |
| COVID-19 | NKG2D-ACE2 CAR-NK cells | secreting super IL15 superagonist and GM-CSF neutralizing scFv | Phase 1 Phase 2 |
NCT04324996 | |
| COVID-19 | FT516 | anti-viral activity of NK cells | Phase 1 | NCT04363346 | |
| COVID-19 | SARS-CoV-2 specific T cells from convalescent donors | adoptive T-cell therapy | Not Applicable | NCT04351659 | |
| COVID-19 | PUL-042 Inhalation Solution | innate immune stimulant | Phase 2 | NCT04313023 | |
| Severe COVID-19 | PUL-042 Inhalation Solution | Phase 2 | NCT04312997 | ||
| vaccine | COVID-19 | Injection and infusion of LV-SMENP-DC vaccine and antigen-specific CTLs | LV-SMENP-DC vaccine is made by modifying DC with lentivirus vectors expressing Covid-19 minigene SMENP and immune modulatory genes. CTLs will be activated by LV-DC presenting Covid-19 specific antigens. | Phase 1|Phase 2 | NCT04276896 |
| COVID-19 | Recombinant Novel Coronavirus Vaccine | Adenovirus Type 5 Vector | Phase 1 |
NCT04313127 NCT04398147 |
|
| COVID-19 | Pathogen-specific aAPC | lentivirus modification including immune modulatory genes and the viral minigenes | Phase 1 | NCT04299724 | |
| COVID-19 | mRNA-1273 | a novel lipid nanoparticle -encapsulated mRNA-based vaccine that encodes for a full-length, prefusion stabilized spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 | Phase 1 |
NCT04283461 NCT04405076 |
|
| COVID-19 | SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine | inactivated vaccine | Phase 1 Phase 2 |
NCT04383574 NCT04352608 NCT04412538 | |
| COVID-19 | SCB-2019 | a Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Trimeric S Protein Subunit Vaccine | Phase 1 | NCT04405908 | |
| COVID-19 | Measles Vaccine | cross-protective antibodies | Phase 3 | NCT04357028 | |
| COVID-19 | BNT162a1, BNT162b1, BNT162b2, BNT162c2 | SARS-CoV-2 RNA vaccine | Phase 1 | NCT04368728 | |
| COVID-19 | V-SARS | vaccine made from heat-inactivated plasma from donors with COVID-19 | Phase 1 Phase 2 |
NCT04380532 | |
| COVID-19 | bacTRL-Spike | plasmids containing synthetic DNA encoding spike protein | Phase 1 | NCT04334980 | |
| vaccine | COVID-19 | BCG Vaccine | stimulate broad, innate components of the immune system | Phase 3 Phase 4 |
NCT04348370 NCT04384549 NCT04373291 |
| Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) | COVID-19 | Human UC-MSCs | regulate the immune response, reduce inflammation and affect tissue regeneration | Phase 1 | NCT04293692 |
| Severe COVID-19 | MSCs | Phase 1 |Phase 2 |
NCT04288102 | ||
| COVID-19 | MSCs | Phase 1 | NCT04252118 | ||
| Severe COVID-19 | Human UC-MSCs | Not Applicable | NCT04273646 | ||
| COVID-19 Patients Using Wharton's Jelly-Mesenchymal Stem Cells | Wharton's Jelly-MSCs | Phase 1 | NCT04313322 | ||
| COVID-19 | UC-MSCs | Phase 2 | NCT04269525 | ||
| Severe COVID-19 | Dental Pulp MSCs | Early Phase 1 | NCT04302519 | ||
| Severe COVID-19 | MSCs-derived exosomes | Phase 1 | NCT04276987 | ||
| TCM | COVID-19 | Huaier Granule | an adjuvant drug for primary hepatic carcinoma | Phase 2 |Phase 3 |
NCT04291053 |
| COVID-19 with Pulmonary Fibrosis | N-acetylcysteine + Fuzheng Huayu Tablet | inhibit MMP activity to protect subepithelial basement membrane which plays a key role in lung injury and interstitial fibrosis. | Phase 2 | NCT04279197 | |
| Mild/Common COVID-19 | Yinhu Qingwen Decoction | antiviral activity | Phase 2 |Phase 3 |
NCT04278963 | |
| COVID-19 | T89 capsule | Improve cardiovascular function and relieve angina | Not Applicable | NCT04285190 | |
| General/Severe COVID-19 | Xiyanping Injection | treatment for bronchitis, has anti-inflammatory and immune regulation effects | Not Applicable | NCT04295551 | |
| 2019-nCoV Pneumonia | Xiyanping injection | Not Applicable | NCT04275388 | ||
| mild and severe neo-coronary pneumonia | Tetrandrine | anti-fibrosis | Phase 4 | NCT04308317 | |
| VC | Severe COVID-19 | Vitamin C Infusion | essential nutrient | Phase 2 | NCT04264533 |
| NO | COVID-19 | Nitric Oxide Gas Inhalation | gaseous signaling molecule | Phase 2 | NCT04388683 |
| Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in COVID-19. | Nitric Oxide Gas Inhalation | Phase 2 | NCT04290871 | ||
| Mild/Moderate COVID19 | Nitric Oxide Gas Inhalation | Phase 2 | NCT04290858 | ||
| washed microbiota transplantation | COVID-19 | washed microbiota transplantation | immunomodulatory effect | Not Applicable | NCT04251767 |
Data were collected from https://clinicaltrials.gov by June 9, 2020.