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. 2020 Jul 3;11:3331. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17169-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Changes in production of available N are reflected by annual soil N mineralization and biological N fixation rates (BNF), changes in plant N demand are represented by plant N pool and annual plant N uptake rate, and changes in ecosystem N loss are indicated by gaseous N loss, leaching N loss and total N loss (sum of gaseous and leaching N losses) over 2000s~2010s. Data of the N cycling variables were derived from the DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) simulations. Changes in N cycling variables were characterized by the slope of relationship between an indicator and the fixed effect (year), which were examined with linear mixed-effects models after data normalization. Points in the plot denote the estimated model slopes and error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. N, the number of sites used for analyzing temporal dynamics of each indicator; df.resid, residual degrees of freedom.