Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Population (n = 137), Grouped by GOLD 2011 Stage at Baseline*
| Characteristics | All (N = 137) | A (N= 24) | B (N = 22) | C (N = 12) | D (N = 79) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic variables | ||||||
| Age (years), mean (±SD) | 66.90 (8.3) | 65.04 (7.54) | 67.73 (8.39) | 67.25 (10.19) | 67.20 (8.32) | 0.691 |
| Male | 120 (87.6) | 22 (91.7) | 16 (72.7) | 10 (83.3) | 72 (91.1) | 0.114 |
| Clinical and pulmonary variables | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (±SD) | 28.92 (5.05) | 28.79 (4.87) | 29.10 (4.43) | 28.26 (6.17) | 29.00 (5.17) | 0.966 |
| Smoking pack-years, mean (±SD) | 58.72 (25.46) | 48.50 (16.83) | 62.82 (29.91) | 53.75 (22.47) | 61.44 (26.20) | 0.121 |
| Current smoker | 41 (29.9) | 5 (20.8) | 12 (54.5) | 3 (25.0) | 21 (26.6) | 0.049 |
| Number Comorbidities, mean (±SD) | 3.15 (1.64) | 2.71 (1.48) | 3.18 (1.86) | 2.92 (1.78) | 3.30 (1.61) | 0.451 |
| Heart disease (yes) | 19 (13.9) | 2 (8.3) | 4 (18.2) | 0 (0) | 13 (16.5) | 0.343 |
| Dyspnea (mMRC ≥ 2) | 49 (35.8) | 0 (2) | 6 (27.3) | 0 (0) | 43 (54.4) | 0.001 |
| Exacerbations ≥ 2 † | 79 (57.7) | 1 (4.2) | 2 (9.1) | 8 (66.7) | 68 (86.1) | 0.001 |
| CAT score, mean (±SD) | 14.19 (7.31) | 6.38 (2.97) | 15.82 (6.28) | 5.67 (2.01) | 17.41 (6.19) | 0.001 |
| FEV1 (% predicted), mean (±SD) | 50.21 (16.49) | 65.88 (13.82) | 60.82 (9.92) | 49.25 (15.33) | 42.65 (13.86) | 0.001 |
| Depression (HAD-D ≥ 11) | 13 (9.5) | 0 (0) | 3 (23.1) | 0 (0) | 10 (76.9) | 0.162 |
| Non-pulmonary variables | ||||||
| Handgrip strength (kg), mean (±SD) | 28.30 (7.98) | 31.73 (7.91) | 24.35 (8.43) | 26.54 (6.48) | 28.62 (7.67) | 0.013 |
| Quadriceps strength (kg), mean (± SD) | 15.68 (2.87) | 16.72 (2.46) | 15.40 (2.85) | 16.39 (2.79) | 15.34 (2.95) | 0.155 |
| Elbow strength (Kg), mean (± SD) | 15.00 (3.20) | 15.93 (3.09) | 14.50 (3.74) | 14.26 (2.96) | 14.97 (3.11) | 0.363 |
| 6-Minute walk test (meters), mean (±SD) | 349.13 (84.69) | 378.08 (66.65) | 366.00 (73.42) | 394.58 (72.80) | 327.92 (89.06) | 0.007 |
| BODE index, median (P5–95) | 2.00 (0–6) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–5) | 2 (0–4) | 3 (0–7) | 0.001 |
| SPPB score, mean (±SD) | 9.56 (1.96) | 10.75 (1.26) | 9.45 (1.99) | 10.42 (1.37) | 9.10 (2.04) | 0.001 |
| 5STS score, mean (±SD) | 2.28 (1.17) | 3.04 (0.85) | 2.27 (1.03) | 3.00 (0.85) | 1.95 (1.19) | 0.001 |
| % activities with limitations, mean (± SD) | 21.60 (17.46) | 12.63 (10.16) | 22.12 (16.15) | 8.61 (4.37) | 26.16 (18.88) | 0.001 |
Notes: *Values represent the number (%) of participants in each group, unless otherwise noted. †Moderate or severe exacerbations in the previous year.
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; mMRC, modified British Medical Research Council; CAT, COPD Assessment Test; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; HAD, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; SPPB, short physical performance battery; 5STS, five-repetition sit-to-stand test.