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. 2020 Jun 10;4(7):nzaa103. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa103

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

Forest plots of associations between reported intakes of animal protein sources and fast food and the concentrations of TMAO and its precursors in children (n = 1166) and adults (n = 1324). Plasma TMAO concentrations are positively associated with the reported consumption of fish (estimate: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.17; P < 0.0001) and red meat (0.06; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.10; P = 0.01), and negatively associated with the reported consumption of fast-food meals and snacks (−0.08; 95% CI: −0.15, −0.01; P = 0.02) in children. TMAO concentrations were positively associated with reported regular intakes of fish (0.09; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.14; P = 0.001), red meat (0.13; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.17; P < 0.0001), meat products (0.07; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.12; P = 0.001), and chicken (0.05; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.11; P = 0.04) in adults. DMG, dimethylglycine; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide.