TABLE 3.

LS-means, SEs, and mixed models’ results for TMAO and its precursors in children and parents¹

Compound, µM	Parent LS-mean ± SE	Child LS-mean ± SE	Effect of generation on mixed model2 (children, adults)
TMAO3	1.22 ± 0.02	0.79 ± 0.02	P < 0.0001 Log likelihood with generation = −2859.2 Log likelihood without generation = −2993.7
l-Carnitine	47.60 ± 0.43	48.30 ± 0.46	P = 0.16 Log likelihood with generation = −10,378 Log likelihood without generation = −10,379
DMG3	0.80 ± 0.01	1.02 ± 0.01	P < 0.0001 Log likelihood with generation = −747.36 Log likelihood without generation = −922.05
Trimethylglycine (betaine)	37.50 ± 0.32	40.30 ± 0.34	*P < 0.0001 Log likelihood with generation = −9603.2 Log likelihood without generation = −9624.8
Choline	11.00 ± 0.07	10.80 ± 0.08	P = 0.14 Log likelihood with generation = −5956.7 Log likelihood without generation = −5957.8

¹DMG, dimethylglycine; LS-mean, least-square mean; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide.

²Log likelihoods were derived from mixed models including family as a random effect, with or without generation as a fixed effect.

³LS-means ± SEs are computed from log-transformed variables.