Table 2.
Summary of results obtained with the Drosophila melanogaster wing Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) in the marker-heterozygous (MH) and balancer-heterozygous (BH) progeny of the high bioactivation (HB) cross after chronic treatment of larvae with different concentrations of vitamin D3 (VD3 - mM), ultrapure water (negative control), solvent control and doxorubicin 0.4 mM (DXR - positive control).
| Genotypes and Treatments (mM) | Number of flies | Spots per fly (number of spots); statistical diagnosesa |
Spots with mwh clonec | Frequency of clone formation/105 cells per divisiond |
Recombination (%) | Inhibitione (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Small single spots (1–2 cells)b | Large single spots (>2 cells)b | Twin spots | Total spots | |||||||
| Observed | Control Corrected | |||||||||
| mwh/flr³ | ||||||||||
| Negative control | 40 | 1.10 (44) | 0.15 (6) | 0.08 (3) | 1.33 (53) | 49 | 2.51 | |||
| Solvent control | 40 | 1.15 (46) i | 0.08 (3) i | 0.13 (5) i | 1.35 (54) - | 51 | 2.61 | 0.10 | ||
| VD3 12.5 | 40 | 1.25 (50) - | 0.15 (6) i | 0.08 (3) i | 1.48 (59) - | 58 | 2.97 | 0.36 | ||
| VD3 25.0 | 40 | 1.10 (44) - | 0.18 (7) i | 0.05 (2) - | 1.33 (53) - | 53 | 2.72 | 0.10 | ||
| VD3 50 .0 | 40 | 0.93 (37) - | 0.08 (3) i | 0.03 (1) - | 1.03 (41) - | 41 | 2.10 | −0.51 | ||
| VD3 100.0 | 40 | 0.75 (30) - | 0.15 (6) i | 0.10 (4) i | 1.00 (40) - | 40 | 2.05 | −0.56 | ||
| DXR 0.4 | 40 | 6.85 (274) + | 10.20 (408) + | 8.95 (358) + | 26.00 (1040) + | 988 | 50.61 | 48.00 | 98.94 | |
| VD3 12.5 + DXR 0.4 | 40 | 5.40 (216) f+ | 4.73 (189) + | 4.60 (184) + | 14.73 (589) f+ | 564 | 28.89 | 26.28 | 95.13 | 45.25 |
| VD3 25.0 + DXR 0.4 | 40 | 4.25 (170) f+ | 4.80 (192) + | 4.65 (186) + | 13.70 (548) + | 524 | 26.84 | 24.23 | 98.10 | 49.52 |
| VD3 50.0 + DXR 0.4 | 40 | 3.73 (149) + | 4.90 (196) + | 4.88 (195) + | 13.50 (540) + | 517 | 26.49 | 23.87 | 97.44 | 50.27 |
| mwh/TM3 | ||||||||||
| Negative control | 40 | 0.95 (38) | 0.15 (6) | f | 1.10 (44) | 44 | 2.25 | |||
| DXR 0.4 | 40 | 0.90 (36) - | 0.45 (18) + | 1.35 (54) - | 54 | 2.77 | 0.51 | |||
| VD3 12.5 + DXR 0.4 | 40 | 1.48 (59) + | 0.25 (10) i | 1.73 (69) - | 69 | 3.53 | 1.28 | |||
| VD3 25.0 + DXR 0.4 | 40 | 1.00 (40) - | 0.33 (13) i | 1.33 (53) - | 53 | 2.72 | 0.46 | |||
| VD3 50.0 + DXR 0.4 | 40 | 1.18 (47) - | 0.23 (9) i | 1.40 (56) - | 56 | 2.87 | 0.61 | |||
Marker-trans-heterozygous flies (mwh/flr³) and balancer-heterozygous flies (mwh/TM3) were evaluated.
f Balancer chromosome TM3 does not carry the flr3 mutation and recombination is suppressed, due to the multiple inverted regions in these chromosomes.
Statistical diagnose according to Frei and Würgler (1988, 1995). U test, two sided; probability levels: , negative; +, positive; i, inconclusive; p < 0.05 DXR vs. negative control; VD3 vs. solvent control; *, positive; p ≤ 0.05 VD3 + DXR vs. DXR (0.4 mM) only.
Including rare flr3 single spots.
Considering mwh clones from mwh single and twin spots.
Frequency of clone formation: clones/flies/48,800 cells (without size correction).
Calculated as {[DXR alone – DXR + VD3]/DXR} X 100, according to Abraham (1994).