Table 7.

Clinical data regarding the efficacy of polyphenols on inflammatory phenomena.

Design	Population	Type of intervention	Inflammatory outcome	Reference
Randomised, double-blind, cross-over study	34 subjects with two or more metabolic risk factors	4-week intervention: 500 mg polyphenols/day vs. placebo	↓MCP-1 and MIF, unchanged levels of HDL, adiponectin, CRP	Broekhuizen et al. (2011)
Cross-over study	24 overweight adults	high-carbohydrate, moderate-fat meal together with a strawberry beverage (SB) or placebo	SB:↓ CRP and postprandial insulin	Edirisinghe et al. (2011)
Randomised, double-blind	150 hypercholesterolemic subjects	24-week intervention: 640 mg purified Anthocyanin/day	↓ CRP, sVCAM-1 and IL-1β	Zhu et al. (2013)
Randomised, double-blind	52 patients with early atherosclerosis,	4-month intervention: 30 mL olive oil or 30 ml of EGCG-supplemented olive oil	↓ sICAM, white blood cells, monocytes, lymphocytes and platelets	Widmer et al. (2013)
Single-centre, randomised, two-arm, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study	36 pre-hypertension patients, randomized to control or treatment groups	6-week intervention: grape seed extract, 150 mgx2/day	↓BP (SBP, DBP) ↑ fasting insulin and insulin sensitivity No change of sICAM-1	Park et al. (2016)
Single blinded crossover trial	38 patients with untreated mild hypertension	8-week intervention: 300 mL/day cold-pressed 100% chokeberry juice and 3 g/day chokeberry powder	↓IL-10 and TNF-α	Loo et al. (2016)
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial	50 hyperlipidemic patients	4-week intervention: V. arctostaphylos fruit extract x2/day	no effects on HDL and CRP ↓ total cholesterol, LDL-C, TG, MDA	Soltani et al. (2014)
Placebo controlled study	20 study subjects and 19 placebo	4-week intervention: 361 mg polyphenols and 120 mg vitamin C x2/day	No significant effects on apolipoproteins, adiponectin, CRP, ICAM-1, E-Selectin or t-PA	Mullan et al. (2016)
Placebo controlled study	16 trained cyclists	7-day intervention: 30 mL of Montmorency tart cherry concentrate x 2/day	↓lipid hydroperoxides, IL-6 and hsCRP	Bell et al. (2014)
Double-blind crossover study	49 healthy male subjects with APOE genotype	8-week intervention: 150 mg/day quercetin or placebo (3 phases, three-week washout periods)	↓ waist circumference and postprandial SBP, moderately increased levels of TNFα	Pfeuffer et al. (2013)
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial	18 healthy volunteers	One-tine administration of 51 mg of oleuropeine	↓of IL8 production	Lockyer et al. (2015)
Cross-sectional study	1997 females	Frequency questionnaires assessment of total intake of flavonoids	Higher anthocyanin and flavone intake were associated with significantly lower peripheral insulin resistance Higher anthocyanin intake was also associated with lower CRP concentrations Higher anthocyanin-rich intake was associated with lower insulin and inflammation	Jennings et al. (2014)
Randomized, controlled dietary study	27 subjects with metabolic syndrome	400 g fresh bilberries/days vs. control diet	↓ CRP, IL-6, IL-12,	Kolehmainen et al. (2012)