Table 3.
Primary Outcome of the Patients
| Variables | Control (n=465) | GIK (n=465) | OR (95% CI) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Major adverse cardiac events | 177 (38.1) | 120 (25.8) | 0.57 (0.43–0.75) | <0.001 |
| In‐hospital mortality | 12 (2.6) | 8 (1.7) | 0.66 (0.27–1.63) | 0.366 |
| Low cardiac output syndrome | 97 (20.9) | 73 (15.7) | 0.71 (0.51–0.99) | 0.042 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 1.00 (0.06–16.04) | >0.999 |
| Cardiac arrest with successful resuscitation | 4 (0.9) | 3 (0.6) | 0.75 (0.17–3.36) | 0.704 |
| Congestive heart failure | 26 (5.6) | 10 (2.2) | 0.37 (0.18–0.78) | 0.007 |
| Arrhythmia | ||||
| POAF | 56 (12.0) | 29 (6.2) | 0.47 (0.30–0.78) | 0.002 |
| SVT | 29 (6.2) | 14 (3.0) | 0.47 (0.24–0.90) | 0.019 |
| NSVT | 18 (3.9) | 7 (1.5) | 0.39 (0.16–0.94) | 0.026 |
| VF | 9 (1.9) | 6 (1.3) | 0.66 (0.23–1.88) | 0.435 |
Values are numbers (percentages). Composite adverse cardiac events included all‐cause mortality in hospital, low cardiac output syndrome, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest with successful resuscitation, congestive heart failure, and arrhythmia. Low cardiac outcome syndrome was defined as cardiac index <2.2 L/(min.m2) or need of intra‐aortic balloon pumping or infusion of epinephrine, milrinone, or dobutamine to maintain systolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg. Acute myocardial infarction, assessed by an independent blinded cardiologist, was defined as new Q waves in ECG or CK‐MB at ≥5 times the upper normal limit with classic angina symptoms. Congestive heart failure was defined as physician documentation or report of the clinical symptoms of heart failure, described as unusual dyspnea on light exertion, recurrent dyspnea occurring in the supine position, fluid retention or jugular venous distention, pulmonary edema on physical examination, or pulmonary edema on chest roentgenogram. Arrhythmia included POAF, SVT, NSVT, and VF. POAF was defined as new‐onset atrial fibrillation requiring treatments; that is, atrial fibrillation persisted for >60 minutes or recurrent episodes of atrial fibrillation 48 hours after surgery. GIK indicates glucose‐insulin‐potassium; NSVT, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia; OR, odds ratio; POAF, postoperative atrial fibrillation; SVT, supraventricular tachycardia; VF, ventricular fibrillation.