Table 1.
Raw Mean±SD and Adjusted Geometric Mean (95% CI) of LDL‐Related Variables According to Fish and n‐3 Intake
| Fish | n‐3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | P Trend | Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | P Trend | |
| n | 5839 | 5465 | 5617 | 5248 | 4991 | 5123 | ||
| Intake, median [min, max]a | 0.07 [0, 0.07] | 0.21 [0.2, 0.21] | 0.5 [0.43, 0.64] | 0.95 [0.86, 1.02] | 1.35 [1.31, 1.39] | 1.89 [1.77, 2.1] | ||
| LDL‐C, mg/dL | ||||||||
| Raw mean | 123±34 | 124±33 | 125±35 | 123±34 | 124±33 | 125±35 | ||
| Adjusted meanb | 123 (122–124) | 124 (123–124) | 125 (124–126) | 0.01 | 125 (124–126) | 124 (123–125) | 124 (123–125) | 0.61 |
| Adjusted meanc | 123 (122–124) | 124 (123–124) | 124 (123–125) | 0.03 | 124 (123–125) | 123 (122–124) | 123 (122–124) | 0.08 |
| TC, mg/dL | ||||||||
| Raw mean | 210±41 | 212±41 | 213±42 | 210±42 | 211±41 | 213±42 | ||
| Adjusted meanb | 210 (209–211) | 212 (211–213) | 213 (212–214) | <0.0001 | 212 (210–213) | 211 (210–212) | 212 (211–213) | 0.43 |
| Adjusted meanc | 210 (210–211) | 212 (211–212) | 212 (211–212) | 0.01 | 212 (211–213) | 211 (210–212) | 211 (210–212) | 0.36 |
| Apo B100, mg/dL | ||||||||
| Raw mean | 103±27 | 103±27 | 104±28 | 103±28 | 104±28 | 104±28 | ||
| Adjusted meanb | 103 (102–103) | 103 (102–104) | 104 (104–105) | <0.001 | 104 (103–105) | 104 (103–104) | 103 (103–104) | 0.73 |
| Adjusted meanc | 102 (102–103) | 103 (102–104) | 104 (103–104.2) | 0.005 | 103 (103–104) | 103 (103–104) | 103 (102–103.4) | 0.36 |
| LDL size (Ø nm) | ||||||||
| Geometric mean | 21.05 (21.03–21.06) | 21.08 (21.06–21.1) | 21.08 (21.06–21.09) | 21.06 (21.04–21.08) | 21.07 (21.05–21.09) | 21.07 (21.05–21.09) | ||
| Adjusted meanb | 21.04 (21.02–21.06) | 21.08 (21.06–21.09) | 21.09 (21.07–21.1) | <0.001 | 21.02 (21–21.04) | 21.08 (21.06–21.09) | 21.1 (21.08–21.12) | <0.0001 |
| Adjusted meanc | 21.06 (21.04–21.08) | 21.06 (21.05–21.08) | 21.09 (21.07–21.11) | 0.03 | 21.03 (21.01–21.05) | 21.08 (21.06–21.09) | 21.1 (21.08–21.12) | <0.001 |
| LDL particles | ||||||||
| Total, nm/L | ||||||||
| Geometric mean | 1188 (1178–1198) | 1188 (1179–1198) | 1208 (1198–1219) | 1188 (1177–1198) | 1196 (1185–1207) | 1209 (1198–1220) | ||
| Adjusted meanb | 1189 (1179–1199) | 1189 (1179–1199) | 1206 (1196–1216) | 0.005 | 1204 (1192–1216) | 1195 (1185–1206) | 1195 (1183–1207) | 0.49 |
| Adjusted meanc | 1182 (1173–1191) | 1192 (1183–1202) | 1195 (1186–1205) | 0.02 | 1196 (1185–1207) | 1190 (1180–1199) | 1186 (1174–1197) | 0.35 |
| IDL, nm/L | ||||||||
| Geometric mean | 146 (143–149) | 146 (143–149) | 146 (144–149) | 151 (149–154) | 144 (142–147) | 141 (139–144) | ||
| Adjusted meanb | 146 (143–148) | 146 (144–149) | 147 (144–149) | 0.78 | 147 (144–151) | 144 (142–147) | 145 (142–148) | 0.90 |
| Adjusted meanc | 147 (145–150) | 145 (143–148) | 145 (142–148) | 0.22 | 147 (143–150) | 144 (141–147) | 144 (141–148) | 0.75 |
| Large, nm/L | ||||||||
| Geometric mean | 466 (457–475) | 483 (473–492) | 492 (482–501) | 460 (450–469) | 483 (473–493) | 499 (489–509) | ||
| Adjusted meanb | 462 (453–471) | 483 (474–492) | 495 (486–505) | <0.0001 | 455 (445–466) | 485 (475–495) | 498 (486–510) | 0.001 |
| Adjusted meanc | 469 (460–479) | 479 (469–489) | 498 (488–508) | 0.006 | 458 (447–470) | 485 (475–496) | 496 (484–509) | 0.006 |
| Small A, nm/L | ||||||||
| Geometric mean | 62 (60.8–63.3) | 64.4 (63.2–65.6) | 64 (62.7–65.3) | 60.4 (59.1–61.7) | 63.9 (62.6–65.3) | 65.4 (64–66.7) | ||
| Adjusted meanb | 62 (60.8–63.2) | 64.3 (63.1–65.6) | 64.1 (62.9–65.3) | 0.03 | 62.2 (60.8–63.6) | 64 (62.7–65.3) | 63.5 (62.1–65) | 0.24 |
| Adjusted meanc | 62 (60.8–63.3) | 63.8 (62.6–65.1) | 63.8 (62.5–65.1) | 0.09 | 61.5 (60–63) | 64 (62.7–65.4) | 63.6 (62–65.2) | 0.13 |
| Small B, nm/L | ||||||||
| Geometric mean | 661 (650–671) | 654 (643–666) | 663 (653–674) | 658 (647–669) | 657 (646–668) | 669 (657–680) | ||
| Adjusted meanb | 661.8 (651.7–672) | 654 (643–666) | 661 (651–672) | 0.59 | 669 (657–682) | 657 (646–668) | 657 (644–670) | 0.34 |
| Adjusted meanc | 658 (647–668) | 658 (647–670) | 653 (642–663) | 0.92 | 668 (656–681) | 657 (646–668) | 650 (637–663) | 0.13 |
Data are shown as geometric mean (95% CI) for log‐transformed variables and raw mean±SD for natural‐scale variables across quintiles of exposure variable intake, except as noted. Apo indicates apolipoprotein; IDL, intermediate‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; n‐3, omega‐3; Q, quintile; TC, total cholesterol.
Fish intake shown as servings per day, n‐3 intake shown as grams per day.
Model 1: the adjusted means are estimated from linear regression models adjusted for age (continuous) and total energy (quintiles; plus energy‐adjusted saturated fats [quintiles], energy‐adjusted monounsaturated fats [quintiles], energy‐adjusted transfat [quintiles], energy‐adjusted total n‐6 [quintiles], and energy‐adjusted proteins [quintiles] for n‐3 intake models).
Model 2: adjusted as in model 1 but including smoking (current, past, never), alcohol use (rarely/never, 1–3 drinks/mo, 1–6 drinks/wk, and 1 drink/d), body mass index (continuous), exercise (quintiles of metabolic equivalent task hours per week), menopausal status (premenopausal, uncertain, postmenopausal), use of hormone therapy (current, past/never), hypertension (systolic blood pressure of at least 140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure of at least 90 mm Hg), antihypertensive treatment (yes or no), hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol of at least 240 mg/dL), treatment for high cholesterol (yes or no), parental history of coronary heart disease (yes or no), energy‐adjusted glycemic index (quintiles), multivitamin use (current, past, and never), aspirin use (current >1 time/wk), and red meat consumption and fruit and vegetable consumption (both quintiles).