Table 1.
Characteristics of the Studies Included in the Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis on the Association Between Cognition Parameters and PWV
| References | Subjects Characteristics | Exposure | Outcome | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women, n (%) | Age, y | BMI, kg/m2 | SBP, mm Hg | DBP, mm Hg | Type of Sample | Type of PWV | PWV Device | PWV Average, m/s | Cognitive Measurement | Cognitive Construct | |
| Abbatecola et al, 200823 | 140 (NR) |
Normoalbuminuric: 78.0 (5.0) Microalbuminuric: 78.0 (4.0) |
Normoalbuminuric: 27.4 (2.4) Microalbuminuric: 27.8 (2.2) | Normoalbuminuric: 135.0 (19.0) Microalbuminuric: 155.0 (20.0) | Normoalbuminuric: 83.0 (8.0) Microalbuminuric: 88.0 (9.0) | Impaired glucose tolerance | cfPWV | Pulse trace 6000 Micro Medical |
Normoalbuminuric: 11.4 (2.1) Microalbuminuric: 13.7 (3.1) |
MMSE Trail Making Tests (A and B) Verbal Fluency Test Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐Revised Digit Span |
Global cognitive function Executive and attention function Memory Mental tracking |
| Al Hazzouri et al, 201524 | 2488 (52.3) | 74.2 (2.9) | 27.4 | NR | NR | General population | cfPWV | Model 810‐a | NR | 3MS | Global cognitive function |
| Angermann et al, 201725 | 201 (29.9) | 64.5 (15.1) | NR | 123.8 (16.6) | 74.7 (12.5) | Patients undergoing hemodialysis | cfPWV | Mobil‐O‐Graph | 9.4 (2.2) | Montreal Cognitive Assessment | Global cognitive function |
| Benetos et al, 201226 | 873 (79.0) | 88.0 (5.0) | 25.8 (4.5) | 138.0 (17.0) | 73.0 (9.0) | General population | cfPWV | PulsePen | 14.4 (5.0) | MMSE | Global cognitive function |
| Cooper et al, 201611 | 1820 (60.0) | 80.0 (5.0) | 26.5 (3.9) | 144.0 (22.0) | 64.0 (10.0) | General population | cfPWV | NIHem WF | 13.6 (4.6) |
California Verbal Learning Test Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Figure Comparison, and Stroop Test (parts I and II) Digits Backward and the Stroop Test (part III) |
Immediate and delayed recall Processing speed Executive function |
| Elias et al, 200927 | 409 (62.3) | 61.3 (12.8) | 29.3 (6.0) | 128.9 (19.7) | 77.5 (10.1) | General population | cfPWV | SphygmoCor | 10.2 (2.8) |
Block Design, Object Assembly, Visual Reproductions Immediate and Delayed, Hooper Visual Organization Test, Matrix Reasoning Trail Making Tests (A and B), Digit Symbol Substitution, Symbol Search Logical Memory Immediate and Delayed, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test Digit Span Forward and Backward, Letter‐Number Sequence, Controlled Oral Word Associations |
Visual‐spatial organization and memory Scanning and tracking Verbal episodic memory Working memory |
| Fukuhara et al, 200628 | 203 (42.9) | 85.0 | 22.7 (0.2) | 144.3 (1.7) | 78.8 (1.0) | General population | baPWV | VaSera VS‐1000 | 23.7 (0.4) | MMSE | Global cognitive function |
| Geijselaers et al, 201629 | 396 (54.6) | 60 (8) | 27.2 (4.4) | 128 (14) | 76 (7) | General population | cfPWV | SphygmoCor | 8.9 (2.1) |
Verbal Learning Test Stroop Color Word Test (parts I and II), the Concept Shifting Test Part A and B, and the Letter‐Digit Substitution Test Stroop Color Word Test (part III) and the Concept Shifting Test Part C, Letter‐Digit Substitution test |
Free recall memory Processing speed Executive function and attention |
| Hajjar et al, 201612 | 591 (68.0) | 48.8 (9.7) | 28.0 (6.6) | 121.0 (24.3) | 77.0 (12.2) | General population | cfPWV | SphygmoCor | 7.2 (1.5) |
Mental flexibility SPOTING the symbol Digit Symbol Substitution Test Digit Span Forward Executive Function Test Focused Attention Sustained Attention Delayed Memory Recall Visual Spatial Memory Visual Spatial Short‐Term Recall Digit Span Backwards |
Executive function Memory Working memory |
| Hanon et al, 200530 | 308 (64.3) |
NCF: 75.0 (8.0) MCI: 77.0 (8.0) AD: 80.0 (7.0) VaD: 81.0 (7.0) |
NCF: 24.4 (4.0) MCI: 25.0 (4.0) AD: 24.0 (4.0) VaD: 24.0 (4.0) |
NCF: 139.0 (18.0) MCI: 142.0 (17.0) AD: 145.0 (20.0) VaD: 159.0 (21.0) |
NCF: 79.0 (11.0) MCI: 80.0 (9.0) AD: 81.0 (12.0) VaD: 82.0 (13.0) |
Subjects with complaint of memory loss | cfPWV | Complior |
NCF: 11.5 (2.0) MCI: 12.6 (2.6) AD: 13.3 (2.9) VaD: 15.2 (3.9) |
MMSE Cognitive Efficiency Profile |
Global cognitive function Cognitive efficiency profile |
| Karasavvidou et al, 201831 | 151 (33.6) | 57.08 (13.7) | 28.2 (5.1) | 137.2 (18.1)–142.8 (12.8) | 77.4 (11.3)–84.7 (9.8) | Patients with kidney disease | cfPWV | SphygmoCor | 6.1 (1.9)–6.9 (2.3) | MMSE | Global cognitive function |
| Kim et al, 200932 | 370 (51.6) | 55.2 (7.3) | 24.4 (5.1) | 130.8 (16.4) | 80.4 (9.3) | General population | baPWV | Plethysmographic device | 15.3 (2.9) | Korean version of the mini‐mental state examination (K‐MMSE) | Global cognitive function |
| Kim et al, 201733 | 333 (42.0) | 55.0 (13.0) | NR | NR | NR | Patients undergoing hemodialysis | cfPWV | SphygmoCor | 10.0 (7.9–12.5) |
Trail Making Tests (A and B) 3MS |
Executive function Global cognitive function |
| Lamballais et al, 201834 | 5187 (42.9) | 58.8 (7.3)–63.6 (5.7) | 26.8 (3.8)–27.4 (4.3) | 130 (18)–150 (20) | 80 (10)–86 (10) | General population | cfPWV | Complior | 9.1 (1.6)–13.0 (2.8) |
Color‐Word Interference Stroop Task Letter Digit Substitution Test Verbal Fluency Test Delayed Recall Purdue Pegboard Test |
G‐factor |
| Lee et al, 201435 | 102 (29.0) | 61.0 (9.0) | 24.0 (4.0) | 124.0 (13.0) | 77.0 (9.0) | Stroke patients | cfPWV | SphygmoCor | 10.0 (2.0) | K‐MMSE | Global cognitive function |
| Lim et al, 201613 | 463 (43.2) |
MMSE participants: 63.0 (6.1) Neurocognitive domain test participants: 64.2 (6.4) |
MMSE participants: 25.0 (4.1) Neurocognitive domain test participants: 24.6 (3.5) |
NR | NR | General population | cfPWV | SphygmoCor |
MMSE participants: 5.0 (2.6–14.1) Neurocognitive domain test participants: 4.9 (3.0–13.0) |
MMSE Digit Span‐Forward Color Trails Test 1 Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Story Memory and Recall Boston Naming Test Brief Visuospatial Memory Test‐Revised Digit Span‐ Backward Block Design, Color Trails Test 2 Categorical Verbal Fluency |
Global cognitive function Attention Verbal memory Language function Visuospatial ability Executive function |
| Mitchell et al, 201136 | 668 (56.6) |
Women: 75.0 (4.0) Men: 76.0 (4.0) |
Women: 27.0 (4.0) Men: 27.0 (4.0) |
Women: 141.0 (20.0) Men: 137.0 (18.0) |
Women: 67.0 (9.0) Men: 67.0 (10.0) |
General population | cfPWV | NIHem WF |
Women: 12.2 (3.7) Men: 13.4 (4.4) |
California Verbal Learning Test Digits Forward Digit Symbol Substitution Test Figure Comparison Stroop Test (parts I and II) Digits Backwards Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Spatial Working Memory Stroop Test (part III) MMSE |
Memory Processing speed Executive function Global cognitive function |
| Muela et al, 201837 | 211 (55.0) |
Normotension: 52.2 (13.9) Hypertension stage 1: 52.1 (13.0) Hypertension stage 2: 52.3 (10.1) |
Normotension: 26.7 (4.2) Hypertension stage 1: 28.5 (4.6) Hypertension stage 2: 30.1 (4.6) |
Normotension: 121.9 (8.3) Hypertension stage 1: 135.0 (13.5) Hypertension stage 2: 147.5 (26.1) |
Normotension: 76.5 (6.9) Hypertension stage 1: 83.1 (9.9) Hypertension stage 2: 90.3 (14.5) |
Patients with hypertension | cfPWV | Complior |
Normotension: 7.5 (1.4) Hypertension stage 1: 7.9 (1.2) Hypertension stage 2: 7.9 (1.2) |
MMSE Montreal Cognitive Assessment Boston Naming Test Rey‐Osterrieth Complex Delayed Recall Semantic Verbal Fluency animal category Backward Digit Span Test Phonological Verbal Fluency Trail Making Test B Forward Digit Span Test Trail Making Test A Clock Drawing Test Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test Digit Symbols Substitution Test |
Global cognitive function Language function Episodic memory Executive function Attention Visuospatial abilities Processing speed |
| Muller et al, 200738 | 396 (0.0) |
No CVD: 54.5 (10.3) Subclinical CVD: 66.8 (8.1) Prevalent CVD: 67.7 (8.8) |
No CVD: 25.9 (0.3) Subclinical CVD: 26.5 (0.3) Prevalent CVD: 27.3 (0.5) |
No CVD: 134.2 (1.3) Subclinical CVD: 145.5 (1.7) Prevalent CVD: 140.2 (2.5) |
NR | General population | cfPWV |
SphygmoCor Acuson Aspen |
No CVD: 8.5 (0.2) Subclinical CVD: 10.7 (0.2) Prevalent CVD: 10.2 (0.3) |
MMSE Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test Doors Test Digit Span Test List of nouns Digit Symbol Substitution Test Trail Making Test (A and B) Dutch Adult Reading Test |
Global cognitive function Verbal episodic memory Memory Visual memory Short‐term memory and working memory Verbal fluency Cognitive and perceptual speed Attention and mental flexibility IQ |
| Nilsson et al, 201439 | 2637 (60.8) | 72.1 (5.6) | NR | 135.6 (17.1) | 75.6 (8.7) | General population | cfPWV | SphygmoCor | 10.5 (2.5) |
MMSE Quick test of cognitive speed (AQT) |
Global cognitive function Perceptual and cognitive speed |
| Palta et al, 201940 | 3703 (59.3) | 75.2.(5.0) | 27.8 (4.4) | 129.9 (17.2) | NR | General population | cfPWV | VP‐1000 Plus | NR |
Delayed word recall Logical memory Incidental learning Digit Symbol Substitution Test Trail Making Test Digit Span Backwards Semantic and phonemic fluency Boston Naming Test |
Memory Executive function/processing speed Language function |
| Pase et al, 201641 | 3207 (53.1) | 46.0 (9.0) | NR | 116.0 (14.0) | 74.0 (9.0) | General population | cfPWV | NIHem WF | 6.8 (6.1–7.7) |
Trail Making Test (A and B) Victoria Stroop interference task Logical Memory delayed Visual Reproductions delayed Hooper visual organization test (VOT) Digit Span Forward and Backward |
Processing speed and executive function Long‐term storage and retrieval Visual processing Working memory |
| Poels et al, 200742 | 3714 (57.7) | 72.0 (6.7) | 26.8 (4.0) | NR | NR | General population | cfPWV | Complior | 13.5 (3.0) |
MMSE Letter‐Digit Substitution Task Stroop Test Word Fluency Test |
Global cognitive function Executive function |
| Ryu et al, 201743 | 123 (70.7) |
PD‐NC: 67.0 (9.6) PD‐MCI: 70.1 (6.9) PD‐D: 73.9 (8.8) DLB: 77.4 (4.9) AD: 76.2 (9.2) |
NR | NR | NR | Patients with Parkinson disease and Lewy body disorders | baPWV | VP 1000 |
PD‐NC: 15.3 (3.0) PD‐MCI: 18.7 (4.7) PD‐D: 21.4 (4.1) DLB: 21.2 (7.0) AD: 20.4 (5.1) |
MMSE Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery: Korean‐Boston Naming Test and Digit Span Test Rey Complex Figure Test Calculation test Seoul Verbal Learning Test Control Oral Word Association Test |
Global cognitive function Language function Calculation Visuospatial function and memory Memory |
| Scuteri et al, 200744 | 102 (70.2) | 79.0 (6.0) | 25.7 (4.1) | 135.9 (19.2) | 78.5 (11.9) | Patients with complaints of memory loss | cfPWV | Complior | 13.5 (2.2) | MMSE | Global cognitive function |
| Singer et al, 201345 | 319 (51.7) | 79.6 (4.2) | 26.7 (4.1) | 140.9 (19.3) | NR | General population | cfPWV | SphygmoCor | 11.2 (2.4) |
Digit Symbol Coding and Trail Making Test A Logical Memory Story A (delayed) Rey Auditory Visual Verbal Learning Test Benton Visual Retention Test Animal Naming and the 30‐item Boston Naming Test Phonemic Fluency (FAS) Trail Making Test B Stroop Test Block Design |
Processing speed Memory Language function Executive function Visuospatial ability |
| Triantafyllidi et al, 200946 | 110 (47.0) | 56.1 (10.0) | 29.7 (4.0) | 147.0 (17.0) | 88.0 (10.0) | Patients with essential hypertension | cfPWV | Complior SP | 10.1 (8.8, 11.2) | MMSE | Global cognitive function |
| Tsao et al, 201347 | 1587 (55.0) | 61.0 (9.0) | NR | 126.0 (19.0) | 74.0 (10.0) | General population | cfPWV | SPT‐301 | 9.0 (7.6, 11.0) |
Logical memory delayed Trail Making Test (A and B) |
Memory Executive function |
| Tsao et al, 201648 | 1223 (56.0) | 62.0 (9.0) | NR | 125.0 (18.0) | NR | General population | cfPWV | SPT‐301 | 9.0 (7.6, 10.9) |
Trail Making Test (A and B) Similarities test |
Executive function Abstract reasoning |
| Watson et al, 201149 | 552 (52.5) | 73.1 (2.7) | 27.0 (4.6) | NR | NR | General population | aPWV | Doppler‐recorded model 810A | 8.9 (3.9) |
3MS Buschke Selective Reminding Test Boxes and Digit Copying Pattern and Letter Comparison |
Global cognitive function Verbal learning and memory Psychomotor speed Perceptual speed |
| Zhong et al, 201450 | 1394 (57.2) |
No cfPWV >12 m/s: 73.3 (6.4) cfPWV >12 m/s: 78.4 (7.5) |
No cfPWV >12 m/s: 30.7 (5.7) cfPWV >12 m/s: 30.0 (5.5) |
NR | NR | General population | cfPWV | Complior SP | 11 (3.6) |
MMSE Trail Making Test (A and B) Digit Symbol Substitution Test Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test Verbal Fluency Test |
Global cognitive function Executive function, attention, and speed Psychomotor speed and sustained attention Memory Language |
3MS indicates modified MMSE; aPWV, aortic PWV; AD, Alzheimer disease; baPWV, brachial‐ankle PWV; BMI, body mass index; cfPWV, carotid‐femoral PWV; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DLB, dementia with Lewy bodies; IQ, intelligence quotient; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MMSE, Mini‐Mental State Examination; NCF, normal cognitive function; NR, not reported; PD‐D, Parkinson disease with dementia; PD‐MCI, Parkinson disease with MCI; PD‐NC, Parkinson disease with normal cognition; PWV, pulse‐wave velocity; SBP, systolic blood pressure; VaD, vascular dementia.