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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2020 Jan 6;13(5):686–701. doi: 10.1007/s12265-019-09952-8

Table 4:

Major sources of exosomes with cardiac regeneration potential

Exosomes Source Function
Cardiosomes Cardiomyocytes Cardiac regeneration and immunomodulation
Stem cell-derived exosomes Various stem cells Prevention of apoptosis, angiogenesis, antioxidant response, cell proliferation and cardio-protection
Circulatory exosomes Circulating leukocytes and platelets Pro-coagulation, vaso-relaxation, and inhibition of autophagy
Cardiac tissue-derived exosomes Cardiac telocytes, Cardiac fibroblasts Immunomodulation, cardio-protection and cell differentiation