Table 4.
Different Etiologies of Acute Liver Failure Across Various Centers in India.
| Author, center, year | Cases (n) | HAV | HBV | HEV | Cryptogenic/non-A, non-E | Drugs | Other causes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shalimar et al.,30 New Delhi, India, 1986–2015 | 1462 | 23 (2%) | 128 (8.8%) | 419 (28.7%) | 527 (36.0%) | ATT: 103 (7.0%) | Dual infection: 60 (4%), chronic markers: 138 (9%), no serology report: 64 (4%) |
| Alam et al.31 New Delhi, India, 2011–2016 | 109 | 43 (39.4%) | 0 | 2 (1.8%) | 16 (14.6%) | 12 (11%) ATT: 4, antibiotics: 3, CAM: 2, acetaminophen: 2, valproate: 1 |
Metabolic liver disease: 14 (13.2%), Parvovirus: 3 (2.7%), EBV: 1 (0.9%), VZV: 1 (0.9%), others: 17 (15.5%) |
| Das et al.,24 Dibrugarh, India, 2007–2015 | 255 | 76 (29.8%) | 8 (3.1%) | 34 (13.3%) | 112 (43.9%) | 0 | Amatoxin: 16 (6.2%), AIH: 2 (0.7%), combined viruses: 7 (2.7%) |
| Khuroo et al.,26 Kashmir, India, 1989–1996 | 180 | 4 (2.2%) | 25 (13.9%) | 79 (43.9%) | 56 (31.1%) | 1 | HDV: 2 (1.1%), HCV: 13 (7.2%) |
| Samanta et al,33 Kolkata, India, 2005–2007 | 45 | 9 (20%) | 4 (8.8%) | 6 (13.3%) | 10 (22.2%) | 1 (2.2%) | Wilson disease: (2.2%), malaria: 1 (2.2%), dual viral: 7 (15.5%) |
| Devarbhavi et al.,34 Bangalore, India, 1997–2017 | 128 | – | – | – | – | 128 (100%) ATT: 92 (72.4%), antiepileptic drugs: 11 (10%), dapsone: 7 (5.5%), hormones: 2, ferrous sulfate overdose: 2, acetaminophen: 2, antiretroviral: 2, CAM: 2, chemotherapy agents: 3, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid: 2, and others: 3 |
– |
| Poddar et al.,35 Lucknow, India, 2003–2010 | 52 | 12 (23%) | 6 (12%) | 12 (23%) | 8 (15%) | 8 (15%) All ATT |
Dual infections: 4 (8%), no serology report available: 2 (4%) |
| Mehrotra et al.,36 New Delhi, India, 2009–2015 | 36 | 4 (11.1%) | 1 (2.7%) | 7 (15.5%) | 14 (38.8%) | 4 (11.1%) All ATT |
Autoimmune: 1 (2.7%), Wilson disease: 5 (13.8%) |
| Pamecha et al.,37 New Delhi, India, 2011–2018 | 61 | 8 (13.1%) | 7 (11.4%) | 8 (13.1%) | 17 (27.8%) | 9 (14.7%) All ATT |
Others: 12 (19.6%) |
| Choudhary et al.,38 Haryana, India, 2017 | 18 | – | – | – | – | ATT: 14/18 (77.7%), others: 22.3% (orlistat: 1, flutamide: 1, and CAM: 2) | – |
| Dhiman et al.,39 Chandigarh, India, 1998 | 204 | Viral hepatitis: 186 (91.1%) | 15 (7.4%) All ATT |
Budd-Chiari syndrome: 1 (0.5%), Wilson disease: 1 (0.5%), malignant infiltration: 1 (0.5%) | |||
| Bernal et al., UK (1999–2008)40 | 422 | 2% | 5% | 1% | 17% | Paracetamol: 57%, other drugs: 11% |
7% |
| Lee 201218 | 1696 | 2% | 7% | 13% | Paracetamol: 46%, antimicrobial agents – ATT, antibiotics, antifungals, antiepileptics, NSAIDs, and antimetabolites: 12% | Autoimmune: 6.5%, ischemic: 5%, Wilson disease: 1%, Budd-Chiari syndrome: 1%, pregnancy: 1%, other causes: 5% |
|
| Ichai et al., France (1986–2006)41 | 363 | 5% | 28% | 18% | Paracetamol: 7%, other drugs: 21% |
21% | |
| Hadem et al.,42 Germany (2008–2009) | 109 | 4% | 10% | 4% | 24% | 32% (most importantly phenprocoumon: 23% of nonacetaminophen cases), valproate, NSAIDs, sertraline, clindamycin |
Autoimmune: 3%, Wilson disease: 3%, Budd-Chiari syndrome: 2%, malignancy: 3%, pregnancy: 3%, amanita, 2%, others: 4% |
| Gow et al.,43 Australia (1988–2001) [11] | 80 | 4% | 10% | 34% (non-A non-B) | Paracetamol: 36%, other drugs: 6% (nitrofurantoin sodium valproate, isoflurane, and ketorolac) |
Wilson disease: 7%, Budd-Chiari syndrome: 3% |
|
| Oketani et al,44 Japan (1998–2006) | 856 | 6% | 42% | 1% | 3% | 10% (ATT, acetaminophen), anticancer agents, allopurinol, and Acarbose | Autoimmune: 7%, unknown: 30% |
ATT, anti-TB therapy; CAM, complementary and alternative medicines; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; VZV, varicella-zoster virus; HAV, hepatitis A virus; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HDV, hepatitis D virus; HEV, hepatitis E virus; AIH, autoimmune hepatitis; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.