Table 1.
Qualitative Evaluation of the Studies That Assessed the Postoperative Analgesia of ESPB on Lumbar Spine Surgery
| Author | Country | Study Design | Study Size | Surgical Operation | ESPB | Outcome | Side Effect | Follow-Up Time | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Canturk et al (2019)15 | Turkey | Case report | 1 | Lumbar spinal fusion | L1 vertebra level, both sides with 10 mL bupivacaine 0.25% and 10 mL prilocaine 1%, single-shot. | Opioid consumption, NRS pain scores. | None | 24 hours | ESPB provides a clear surgical field and long-lasting postoperative analgesia. |
| De et al (2019)16 | Spain | Case series | 8 | Lumbar spinal fusion | L4 vertebra level, both sides with 20 mL ropivacaine 0.2%, single-shot. | VAS pain scores, rescue analgesia consumption. | None | 48 hours | Lumbar ESP appears to contribute to pain control during the first 48 hours after lumbar spinal fusion. |
| Singh et al (2019)17 | India | Case series | 7 | Surgery for PLID or lumbar stenosis | T10 vertebra level, both sides with 20 mL bupivacaine 0.25%, single-shot. | NRS score, rescue analgesia. | None | 10 hours | The average length of analgesia provided by ESPB was between 6 and 8 hours. |
| Almeida et al (2019)18 | Portugal | Case report | 1 | L2–S1 spine fusion | Post-operative day 1, T8 vertebra level, both sides with 20mL ropivacaine 0.2%, ESP catheterizations and continuous infusion (5 mL/hour) of ropivacaine 0.2% per side was maintained for 48 hours. | NRS scores | None | 48 hours | Bilateral ESP catheterizations at T8 are safe and contribute to significant analgesic improvement. |
| Singh et al (2019)19 | India | RCT | 40 | Elective lumbar spine surgery | T10 vertebra level, both sides with 20 mL bupivacaine 0.5%, single-shot. | Opioid consumption, NRS scores, patient satisfaction. | Two patients in the control group developed severe nausea and vomiting. | 24 hours | US-guided ESP block reduces postoperative opioid requirement and improves patient satisfaction. |
| Ueshima et al (2019)20 | Japan | Retrospective study | 41 | Lumbar spinal surgery | Target vertebral level, both sides with 20 mL levobupivacaine 0.375%. | NRS scores, analgesia consumption, complications. | None | 24 hours | The ESP block provides effective postoperative analgesic effect for 24 hours. |
| Yayik et al (2019)21 | Turkey | RCT | 60 | Open lumbar decompression | L3 vertebra level, both sides with 20 mL bupivacaine 0.25%, single-shot. | VAS scores, opioid consumption, rescue analgesia, opioid-related side effects. | None | 24 hours | ESP block can be used in multimodal analgesia practice to reduce opioid consumption and relieve acute postoperative pain. |
| Brandao et al (2018)22 | Portugal | Clinical report | 1 | Lumbar spine surgery | L4 vertebra level, both sides with 15 mL ropivacaine 0.375%, single-shot. | Pain scores, analgesia consumption. | None | 48 hours | Performing the block preoperatively dismissed the need for extra intraoperative opioids other than those for intubation and provide a clear surgical field. |
| Calandese et al (2018)23 | Italy | Case report | 1 | Anterior thoracolumbar spine surgery | T10 vertebra level, a total of 40 mL of 0.25% levobupivacaine and 2 mL (8 mg) of dexamethasone was injected bilaterally. | NRS scores, analgesia consumption. | None | 24 hours | ESPB as part of a multimodal analgesia strategy can provide effective postoperative pain management after anterior thoracolumbar spine surgery. |
| Cesur et al (2018)24 | Turkey | Case series | 5 | Lumbar surgery | T12 vertebra level, both sides with 20 mL local anesthetic solution containing bupivacaine 0.25% and lidocaine 1%, single-shot. | NRS scores, analgesia consumption. | None | 24 hours | ESPB achieved effective analgesia and reduced opioid consumption in the single or multilevel lumbar spine surgeries. |
| Melvin et al (2018)11 | USA | Case series | 6 | Lumbosacral spine surgery | T10 (n= 2) and T12 (n= 4), which concluded 3 single-injection and 3 continuous ESPB. | NRS scores, analgesia use. | None | 72 hours | The ESP block contribute significantly to analgesia and enhance recovery. |
Abbreviations: ESPB, erector spinae plane block; ESP, erector spinae plane; NRS, numeric rating scales; VAS, visual analogue scales; PLID, prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disk; RCT, randomized controlled trial; US, ultrsound.