Table 2.
Blood-Based Biomarkers Derived from Proteomic Techniques
| Biomarkers | BPH (n) | PCa (n) | Method | All Significant (p<0.05) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Cholesterol↑, Triglycerides↑ | 40 | 40 | Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry | Yes | 65 |
| Free to Total PSA Ratio↓ | 283 | 49 | Immunoassay | Yes | 66 |
| Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor (PEDF) ↓, Zinc-α2-Glycoprotein (ZAG) | 13 | 37 | 2D-DIGE, MS, WB, ELISA, IHC | No | 67 |
| Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx-3)↓, Apolipoprotein A-IV (ApoA-IV)↓, ApoA-I↓, Coagulation Factor XIII B Chain↑, Antithrombin-III↓, α-1-Antitrypsin↓, α-2-Macroglobin↓, Thrombin↓, Kininogen-1↑ | 14 | 32 | 2D-DIGE, MS, NMR, Gene Ontology Enrichment Analysis | Yes | 68 |
| Matrix Metalloproteinase-26 (MMP26)↑ | 40 | 80 | ELISA | Yes | 69 |
| Cyclin B1↑ | 21 | 174 | ELISA, WB | Yes | 70 |
| Prostate Health Index (PHI)↑, α2,3-Sialylated PSA↑ | 29 | 50 | Glycosylation Immunoassay | Yes | 71 |
| Human Growth Factor (HGF)↑, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)↑, Omentin↑, Leptin↑ | 40 | 40 | ELISA | Yes | 72 |
| Prostate Health Index (PHI)↑ | 150 | 113 | Immunoassay | Yes | 73 |
| α1,2-Fucosylated PSA↑ and β-N-Acetylgalactosaminylated PSA↑ | 20 | 20 | Lectin Column Chromatography, ELISA | Yes | 74 |
| Estradiol↑, Insulin↓, Insulin Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1)↓ | 70 | 70 | Immunoassay | Yes | 75 |
| β-N-Acetylgalactosaminylated PSA↑ | 184 | 244 | Immunoassay | Yes | 76 |
| Apolipoprotein A2 (APOA2)↓, Complement C3 Chain Fragment (C3f)↓, Inter-Alpha-Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain | 8 | 8 | 2DE SS, WB, LA Chromatography, MS | Yes | 77 |
| 4 Fragment (ITIH4f)↓, alpha-1-Antitrypsin (AAT)↑, High Molecular Weight Kininogen (KNG)↑, Transthyretin (TTR)↑ | |||||
| tPSA↑, Carbonic | 120 | 100 | Piezoelectric Assay | Yes | 78 |
| Anhydrase 1 (CA1)↑, IL-6 Soluble Receptor (IL-6sR)↓, Spondin-2↓ | |||||
| Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio↑ | 110 | 76 | Cell Count | No | 79 |
| Prolidase, Malondialdehyde, Superoxide Dismutase | 51 | 30 | Spectrophotometry | No | 80 |
| 60S Ribosomal Protein L7 Clones↑ | 70 | 49 | Protein Macroarrays | Yes | 81 |
| Glypican-1↓ | 15 | 15 | ELISA, FC, WB | Yes | 82 |
| f/tPSA Ratio↓, α2,3-Sialylated PSA↑, Cathepsin D↑ | 100 | 75 | ELISA | Yes | 83 |
| Secreted group IIA phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA), C-reactive protein (CRP) | 25 | 25 | ELISA | No | 84 |
| Serum Amyloid A (SAA), Secreted Group IIA Phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA), C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | 55 | 55 | Immunoassay | No | 85 |
| sPSP94/tPSA Ratio↑ | 44 | 33 | ELISA | Yes | 86 |
| α2,3-Sialylated PSA↑ | 35 | 35 | Lectin Column Chromatography, ELLA | Yes | 87 |
| α1,2 Fucosylated PSA↑ | 13 | 13 | ELLA | Yes | 88 |
| Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)↓ | 97 | 60 | LC‐MS/MS, IHC | Yes | 89 |
| TAR DNA-Binding Protein (TARDBP)↑, Talin-1↑, PARK7↑, The Lentiviral Integrase Binding Protein (LEDGF)↑, Caldesmon-1 (CALD1)↑ | 39 | 41 | Microarrays | Yes | 90 |
| Alcohol Dehydrogenase Isoenzyme II (ADH II)↓ | 34 | 52 | Spectrophotometry | Yes | 91 |
| Cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40L)↓ | 15 | 15 | ELISA | Yes | 92 |
| Mac-2 Binding Protein (Mac-2BP) | 50 | 50 | ELISA | No | 93 |
| Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 (IGF1, IGFBP3) | 113 | 36 | ELISA, Radioimmunoassays | No | 94 |
| Filamin A, Filamin B, Keratin-19 (FLNA, FLNB and KRT19) | 122 | 311 | ELISA | Yes | 95 |
| Fibronectin 1↑, Afamin↑, α-2-HS-Glycoprotein Chain B, Ceruloplasmin↑, β-2-glycoprotein 1↑ | 5 | 5 | iTRAQ, IHC, WB, MS | Yes | 96 |
| PSA 2-DE Subform F3↓ | 20 | 20 | ELISA, Immunoadsorption, 2-DE, Immunodetection | Yes | 97 |
| Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)↑, Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP)↓ | 30 | 24 | ELISA, Kinetic Method | Yes | 98 |
| Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)↑ | 57 | 44 | ELISA | Yes | 99 |
| tPSA↑, Mean Platelet Volume↓, and Platelet Distribution Width↑ | 108 | 100 | Immunoassay, Flux Cytometry | Yes | 100 |
| Fetuin ↑ | - | - | Nanoelectrode Label Free Detection | Yes | 101 |
| Omentin↑, Blood Urea Nitrogen↑, Creatinine↑, Total Cholesterol (TC)↑, Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL)↑, tPSA↑ | 30 | 50 | ELISA, Spectrophotometry | Yes | 102 |
| tPSA↑, fPSA↑, f/tPSA Ratio↓, Ferritin↑, Triglycerides↑, Total Cholesterol (TC)↑, Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)↑, Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL(↑, Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT)↑ | 951 | 2002 | Immunoassay, Spectrophotometry | Yes | 104 |
| Claudin 3↑ | 69 | 15 | MS | Yes | 105 |
| Testosterone/Prostate‐Specific Antigen ratio (T/PSA)↓ | 92 | 164 | Immunoassay | Yes | 106 |
| Serum PF4V1↓, tPSA↑ | 38 | 66 | iTRAQ, IHC, WB, ELISA | Yes | 107 |
| Thioredoxin Reductase (TR)↑ | 100 | 120 | ELISA | Yes | 108 |
Note: ↓/↑Expression levels in PCa group compared to that of BPH group.
Abbreviations: ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, WB, Western blot, ELLA, enzyme-linked lectin assay, MS, mass spectrometry, FC, flow cytometry, IHC, immunohistochemistry, NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance, LC-MS, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, iTRAQ, Isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation.