Table 2.
Studies of immigration status and prostate cancer risk, stage, and survival
| Author | Design | Outcomes | Sample size | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| McCredie et al., 1999 | Population-based study in New South Wales, Australia | Prostate cancer mortality | 11,545 deaths from prostate cancer | Compared with those born in Australia, migrants had a significantly lower risk of dying from prostate cancer. |
| Lee et al., 2007 | Analysis of SEER data (U.S.) and IARC data (South Korea) | Prostate cancer incidence | Prostate cancer risk was higher among Korean American men than among their Korean counterparts. | |
| Schupp et al., 2014 | Analysis of data from the California Cancer Registry, from 1995 through 2008 | Prostate cancer survival | 35,427 Hispanic men diagnosed with prostate cancer | Foreign-born Hispanics had a significantly lower risk of prostate cancer survival (HR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.75, 0.87) than U.S.-born Hispanics. |
| Lichtensztajn et al., 2014 | Analysis of data from the California Cancer Registry, from 2004 through 2010 | Low-, intermediate-, or high-risk group based on clinical stage, Gleason score, and PSA value at diagnosis | 90,845 men diagnosed with prostate cancer | In addition to non-Hispanic blacks, six Asian American groups (U.S.-born Chinese, foreign-born Chinese, U.S.-born Japanese, foreign-born Japanese, foreign-born Filipino, and foreign-born Vietnamese) were more likely to have an unfavorable risk profile than non-Hispanic whites. |
| Feletto & Sitas, 2015 | Analysis of cancer incidence and mortality data for New South Wales, Australia residents, for 2004–2008 | Prostate cancer incidence | Prostate cancer incidence was lower in non–Australian-born men than in Australian-born men. | |
| Lynch et al., 2017 | Neighborhood-wide association study, utilizing Pennsylvania Cancer Registry data linked to US Census data, from 1995 to 2005 | Prostate cancer aggressiveness variable defined by high tumor stage (Stage 3 or 4) and high tumor grade (Grade 7+) | 77,086 white men with prostate cancer | The most significant variables in principal component analysis included immigration status (OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.87–0.99). |
| McDonald et al., 2017 | Analysis of data from Statistics Canada that links Census information with administrative data on cancer and mortality, between 1991 and 2003 | Prostate cancer diagnosis | Men diagnosed with prostate cancer | Recent immigrants to Canada were significantly less likely than nonimmigrant Canadians to be diagnosed with prostate cancer (OR = 0.472, p-value = 0.000). This gap declined with additional years in Canada for immigrant men. |
| Kaucher et al. 2018 | Analysis of data from two cohorts in Germany, including ethnic Germans who had immigrated from the Russian federation and other countries of the former Soviet Union | Prostate cancer incidence, mortality, and stage at diagnosis | 16,033 and 28,744 men at risk of prostate cancer | Compared with the general German population, ethnic resettlers had lower incidence and mortality from prostate cancer. |
CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; IARC, International Agency for Research on Cancer; OR, odds ratio; PSA, prostate-specific antigen.