Figure 4.

Passage of Na⁺ ions through the central pore of the NavMs channel. (a) Before electric-field application, the bottom half of the pore is dehydrated. After the application, a stable water bridge is formed in the bottom half of the channel pore, and the number of water molecules hydrating the bottom half gradually increases, allowing the transport of Na⁺ ions. (b) The cumulative sum of the number of ions that passed through the channel pore in simulations under hyperpolarizing (blue shades) and depolarizing TMV (red shades). To see this figure in color, go online.