Progression of the radius of complex pores in NavMs and NavPaS. Arrows mark the time at which the simulation was continued either at ±1.5 V or at a lower electric field, resulting in TMV of ±1.0 or ±0.5 V. Images on the right show extracellular views of the NavPaS complex pore at times indicated by Roman numbers. The topmost image shows the NavPaS VSD before electric-field application. Scale bar, 2 nm. VSD is shown in red, the rest of the protein in gray, and the lipids in gold. To see this figure in color, go online.