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. 2020 Apr 14;15(3):238–243. doi: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.03.007

Table 2.

The effect of external variables on salivary cortisol levels.

Variable n30 Cortisol levels
Differences p-value
Before
After

Median (min–max) Median (min–max) Median (min–max)
Age
Children23 4,61 (0,25–9,89) 4,48 (0,25–15,31) −0,00 (9,35–3,18) 0,17a
Adolescent7 3,80 (0,35–7,28) 3,33 (0,16–6,16) −0,54 (2,47–3,95)
Sex
Male20 6,02 (0,26–9,89) 4,48 (0,26–6,16) −0,00 (9,35–3,18) 0,56a
Female10 2,19 (0,25–7,28) 1,89 (0,16–8,37) −0,03 (5,72–3,92)
Drugs consume
Yes26 3,46 (0,25–9,68) 3,27 (0,16–15,31) −0,00 (9,35–3,95) 0,62a
No4 6,21 (4,61–9,89) 6,08 (2,69–10,35) −0,14 (0,47–1,92)
Comorbidities
Yes21 4,17 (0,258–9,89) 4,48 (0,16–15,31) 0,20 (9,35–1,92) 0,01∗,a
No9 4,12 (0,61–8,02) 3,16 (0,44–7,38) −0,63 (0,99–3,95)
Frequency of needle insertion
124 4,97 (0,25–9,89) 4,00 (0,25–15,31) −0,00 (9,35–3,95) 0.70b
24 1,80 (0,61–3,68) 1,89 (0,44–6,16) 0,08 (2,47–0,17)
42 5,01 (0,35–9,68) 5,35 (0,16–10,54) 0,34 (0,86–0,19)

Note: min: minimum; max: maximum; (∗) p-value <0.05 is significant; (a) analysed by Mann Whitney test, (b) analysed by Kruskal Wallis test.