Table 4.
The association between patient demographics and the status of LH.
| Characteristics | LH status |
Total N (%) |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present N (%) |
Not Present N (%) |
|||
| Continuous characteristics, mean(SD)a | ||||
| Age | 57.56 (10.6) | 59.16 (11.7) | 58.53 (11.3) | 0.324a |
| <60 yrs | 44 (55.0%) | 59 (48.4%) | 103 (51.0%) | 0.356 |
| ≥60 yrs | 36 (45.0%) | 63 (51.6%) | 99 (49.0%) | |
| Duration (years) since the diagnosis of diabetes | 16.70 (8.7) | 17.06 (8.5) | 16.92 (8.5) | 0.772a |
| ≤5 y | 5 (6.3%) | 10 (8.2%) | 15 (7.4%) | 0.203 |
| 6–10 y | 17 (21.3%) | 32 (26.2%) | 49 (24.3%) | |
| 11–15 y | 18 (22.5%) | 14 (11.5%) | 32 (15.8%) | |
| >15 y | 40 (50.0%) | 66 (54.1%) | 106 (52.5%) | |
| Duration of insulin treatment | 8.78 (6.1) | 8.36 (5.7) | 8.52 (5.8) | 0.624a |
| ≤5 y | 31 (38.8%) | 49 (40.2%) | 80 (39.6%) | 0.997 |
| 6–10 y | 28 (35.0%) | 42 (34.4%) | 70 (34.7%) | |
| 11–15 y | 10 (12.5%) | 16 (13.1%) | 25 (12.4%) | |
| >15 y | 11 (13.8%) | 15 (12.3%) | 27 (13.4%) | |
| HbA1c | 9.528 (1.6) | 9.135 (1.7) | 9.291 (1.7) | 0.103a |
| ≤ 7.0 | 4 (5.0%) | 14 (11.5%) | 18 (8.9%) | 0.114 |
| >7.0 | 76 (95.0%) | 108 (88.5%) | 184 (91.1%) | |
| Total insulin daily dose | 77.33 (32.7) | 58.95 (35.0) | 66.23 (35.2) | <0.,0001a |
| < 60 unit | 29 (36.3%) | 75 (61.5%) | 104 (51.5%) | <0.,0001 |
| ≥60 unit | 51 (63.7%) | 47 (38.5%) | 98 (48.5%) | |
| BMI | 34.361 (7.1) | 32.298 (7.0) | 33.115 (7.1) | 0.043a |
| Normal | 6 (7.5%) | 14 (11.5%) | 20 (9.9%) | 0.195 |
| Overweight | 15 (18.8%) | 33 (27.0%) | 48 (23.8%) | |
| Obese | 59 (73.8%) | 75 (61.5%) | 134 (66.3%) | |
| Categorical characteristics, n (%)b | ||||
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 30 (37.5%) | 59 (48.4%) | 89 (44.1%) | 0.128 |
| Female | 50 (62.5%) | 63 (51.6%) | 113 (55.9%) | |
| Education level | ||||
| No school attended | 22 (27.5%) | 35 (28.7%) | 57 (28.2%) | 0.150 |
| Primary school | 16 (20.0%) | 28 (23.0%) | 44 (21.8%) | |
| Secondary school | 15 (18.8%) | 9 (7.4%) | 24 (11.9%) | |
| Tertiary school | 15 (18.8%) | 23 (18.9%) | 38 (18.8%) | |
| University or college | 12 (15.0%) | 27 (22.1%) | 39 (19.3%) | |
| Location | ||||
| Riyadh | 57 (71.3%) | 101 (82.8%) | 158 (78.2%) | 0.052 |
| Outside Riyadh | 23 (28.7%) | 21 (17.2%) | 44 (21.8%) | |
| Health care centre | ||||
| KSUMC | 45 (56.3%) | 61 (50.0%) | 106 (52.5%) | 0.384 |
| Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital | 35 (43.8%) | 61 (50.0%) | 96 (47.5%) | |
| Monthly income | ||||
| <5000 | 31 (38.8%) | 48 (39.3%) | 79 (39.1%) | 0.971 |
| 5000–10,000 | 22 (27.5%) | 30 (24.6%) | 52 (25.7%) | |
| 10,001–15,000 | 17 (21.3%) | 28 (23.0%) | 45 (22.3%) | |
| >15,000 | 10 (12.5%) | 16 (13.1%) | 26 (12.9%) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.7%) | 2 (1.0%) | 0.134 |
| Married | 65 (81.3%) | 90 (74.4%) | 155 (77.1%) | |
| Divorced | 13 (16.3%) | 17 (14.0%) | 30 (14.9%) | |
| Widowed | 2 (2.5%) | 12 (9.9%) | 14 (7.0%) | |
a
The Student's t-test was used in the analysis of continuous variables.
b
Chi-squared test was used in the analysis for categorical variables.